Trichomoniasis is a sexually transmitted infection (STI) caused by the motile parasitic protozoan Trichomonas vaginalis. It is one of the most common STIs worldwide. The high prevalence of T vaginalis infection globally and the frequency of coinfection with other STIs make trichomoniasis a compelling public health concern.
Research has shown that T vaginalis infection is associated with an increased risk for infection with several STIs, including gonorrhea, human papillomavirus (HPV), herpes simplex virus (HSV), and, most importantly, HIV. Trichomoniasis is also associated with adverse pregnancy outcomes, infertility, postoperative infections, and cervical neoplasia.
T vaginalis may be transmitted vertically to newborns, causing vaginitis, urinary tract infection, and/or respiratory infection that can be life-threatening.
Host and transmissions
Humans are the only known host of T vaginalis. Transmission occurs predominantly via sexual intercourse. The organism is most commonly isolated from vaginal secretions in women and urethral secretions in men. The rectal prevalence of T vaginalis among men who have sex with men (MSM) appears low. Although T vaginalis has not been isolated from oral sites, evidence suggests that it may cause sexually transmitted oral infection.
Women with trichomoniasis may be asymptomatic or may experience various symptoms, including vaginal discharge and vulvar irritation. Men with trichomoniasis may experience nongonococcal urethritis but are frequently asymptomatic.
Symptoms
Men
Trichomonas vaginalis infections in men have often been regarded as benign and, as a result, have received insufficient attention. However, men infected with this common STI may suffer from conditions such as urethritis, prostatitis, reduced fertility, and an increased risk of contracting human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Additionally, many men are asymptomatic, allowing them to unknowingly transmit the infection to their female partners. With advancements in diagnostics for T vaginalis, more men are being identified as infected.
Men with trichomoniasis may be asymptomatic, may have mild symptoms, or may experience acute trichomoniasis. Men with trichomoniasis are more likely than women to be asymptomatic and tend to have much faster natural disease resolution.
Most common symptom reported by men with trichomoniasis include the following:
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Discharge (purulent to mucoid in character)
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Dysuria
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Urethral pruritus
Less Common
Less-common symptoms may include the following:
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Pain in the urethra
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Testicular pain
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Lower abdominal pain
Most symptomatic T vaginalis infections in men are intermittent and self-limiting. 
Women
Trichomoniasis symptoms in women range from none to severe pelvic inflammatory disease (PID). Women with trichomoniasis frequently report an abnormal vaginal discharge, which may be purulent, frothy, or bloody. Although frothy vaginal discharge is thought to be the classic presentation of trichomoniasis, women with trichomoniasis also commonly report the following:
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Abnormal vaginal odor (often described as musty),
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Vulvovaginal itching, burning, or soreness,
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Dyspareunia (pain during sexual intercourse), often the major complaint,
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Dysuria (pain during urination),
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Postcoital bleeding,
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Lower abdominal pain.
Children
In female newborns, T vaginalis acquired during birth may cause vaginal discharge during the first week of life. Respiratory infection in newborns is also possible. An infected infant may present with fever.
Prepubertal children with trichomoniasis may present with symptoms similar to those seen in the adolescent and adult patient. T vaginalis infection in prepubertal children may suggest sexual abuse but may also arise from earlier vertical transmission.
Cervicitis
In addition to its associated signs and symptoms, trichomoniasis may lead to cervicitis. This is characterized by 2 major signs, as follows:
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Purulent discharge in the endocervical canal,
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Easily induced endocervical bleeding.
T vaginalis infection is also one of the top three causes of vaginitis. Vaginitis is usually characterized by vaginal discharge presenting with any of the following:
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Vulvar itching,
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Irritation,
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Odor.
The two other most common causes of vaginal discharge are anaerobic bacterial overgrowth of normal flora and candidiasis (infection with Candida albicans).
Pathophysiology
In women, T vaginalis is isolated from the vagina, cervix, urethra, bladder, and Bartholin and Skene glands. In men, the organism is found in the anterior urethra, external genitalia, prostate, epididymis, and semen.
It resides both in the lumen and on the mucosal surfaces of the urogenital tract and uses flagella to move around vaginal and urethral tissues. T vaginalis has also been isolated from the rectum and detected via molecular techniques in the respiratory tract, although these are not common areas of infection. In cases of vertical transmission, T vaginalis may infect the respiratory systems of infants.
Etiology
The risk of acquiring T vaginalis infections is based on engagement in high-risk sexual activity. Those who engage in the following sexual practices are at a greater risk for infection for example new or multiple partners, exchanging sex for money or drugs, sexual contact with an infected partner and/or not using barrier protection
Several other factors may indicate a higher likelihood of T vaginalis infection but may not be directly or causally linked, as follows:
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A history of certain STIs,
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Current STIs,
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A history of injection drug use.
Even if not directly causal, these factors may be predictive. In a study that considered risk factors for trichomoniasis, injection drug use in the preceding 30 days was the most strongly associated with infection and with new infection observed during the study.
Diagnosis
Approach Considerations
Given the poor reliability of history and physical findings, diagnosis of trichomoniasis depends on laboratory testing.
Tests for trichomoniasis are quick and can be performed in the medical office. In the past, saline wet mount testing was commonly used to test for trichomoniasis, although these tests have low sensitivity.
The basic office evaluation includes tests to exclude other possible causes of the patient’s complaints. Because T vaginalis infection is strongly associated with the presence of other STIs, providers should test for other STIs, including gonorrhea, chlamydia, syphilis, HIV infection, hepatitis B, and hepatitis C. In multiple studies, the majority of women with T vaginalis infections were also found to have bacterial vaginosis.
Tests for women
In women, diagnostic tests for vaginal secretions may include nucleic acid amplification tests (NAATs), wet-mount microscopic examination, rapid-antigen dipstick tests, or occasionally culture or cervical cytology. NAATs are particularly sensitive and are preferred over microscopic examination or culture for diagnosing trichomoniasis in women. Immunochromatographic flow dipstick tests are also available for point-of-care testing. In vaginal secretions, measure the vaginal pH and perform a microscopic examination to assess for trichomoniasis and bacterial vaginosis.
If trichomoniasis is acquired after the neonatal period, it is a strong indication of sexual contact. 
Tests for men
In men, the diagnosis of trichomoniasis relies on the culture of urine or urethral swabs, as this is the only validated method for detecting T vaginalis in men.
Standard Laboratory Studies
Molecular techniques for detecting antigen, DNA, or RNA
The following six molecular tests are currently available for diagnosing trichomoniasis in women:
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Affirm VPIII Microbial Identification Test (a DNA probe; BD Diagnostic Systems, Sparks, Maryland),
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APTIMA T vaginalis assay (a nucleic acid hybridization test, Hologic Gen-Probe, San Diego, California),
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BD ProbeTec TV Qx Amplified DNA Assay (a DNA probe, Becton Dickinson, Franklin Lakes, New Jersey),
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OSOM Trichomonas Rapid Test (an antigen-based test; Genzyme Diagnostics, Cambridge, Massachusetts),
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Solana Trichomonas Assay (a DNA probe, Quidel, San Diego, California),
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Xpert TV Assay (a DNA probe, Cepheid, Sunnyvale, California).
Other Molecular Techniques
PCR methods yield a high sensitivity (84%) and specificity (94%) and is based on DNA amplification and detection using known primers to TV genes. PCR has great diagnostic potential, particularly in men, while others maintain it offers little advantage over culture. In men, performing PCR on urine sediment rather than urethral swabs may improve detection rates.
Fluorescent antibody
Direct fluorescent antibody (DFA) staining is more sensitive than saline wet mount but less sensitive than culture.
Standard culture
Culture is more sensitive and specific than microscopy but similar in both respects to molecular testing techniques. Culture has also been demonstrated to be useful in individuals with suspected resistant trichomoniasis, as providers can obtain the drug susceptibility of the strain. In addition, culture may be useful as diagnostic screening in high-risk populations.
InPouch TV Culture System
The InPouch TV Culture System (Biomed, White City, Oregon), a combined wet mount and culture kit, is commonly used and readily available. This test kit has a sensitivity of 81%-100% and may detect as little as 1 parasite in the sample.
At-home tests
Diagnostic test for chlamydia trachomatis, gonorrhea, and trichomoniasis. This is the first test for these sexually transmitted infections (STIs) that can be purchased without a prescription and conducted entirely at home. Designed for women, the test provides results in about 30 minutes, regardless of whether symptoms are present. 
This test utilizes a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method, featuring a vaginal swab for sample collection and a powered testing device. If the device indicates invalid results, a second test may be required. In contrast, traditional at-home tests that require samples to be sent to a laboratory typically take about 3-5 days to return results, which can delay treatment.
The test accurately detected 98.8% of negative and 97.2% of positive Chlamydia trachomatis samples, 99.1% of negative and 100% of positive Neisseria gonorrhoeae samples, and 98.5% of negative and 97.8% of positive Trichomonas vaginalis samples in both symptomatic and asymptomatic individuals.
Complications
In women, vaginitis is the most common manifestation of infection. Other complications include cervicitis and infection of the adnexa, endometrium, and Skene and Bartholin glands. Pelvic inflammatory disease and tubo-ovarian abscess may also occur.
In symptomatic men, T vaginalis infection usually manifests as urethritis. As many as 11% of nongonococcal urethritis cases in men are caused by T vaginalis. Complications of untreated trichomoniasis in men include prostatitis, epididymitis, urethral stricture disease, and infertility, potentially resulting from decreased sperm motility and viability.
Approach Considerations
Evaluation for trichomoniasis is typically conducted in the outpatient setting. Trichomoniasis is not a nationally mandated reported sexually transmitted disease, although other sexually transmitted disease reporting requirements vary by state. 
After positive diagnosis, treatment should be instituted immediately and, whenever possible, in conjunction with all sexual partners. Expedited partner therapy is a safe and effective means of treating the sexual partners of patients diagnosed with trichomoniasis and should be practiced whenever possible. Both patient and partner should abstain from sex until pharmacological treatment has been completed and they have no symptoms.
Patients undergoing pharmacotherapy should be advised to avoid alcohol consumption during the course of treatment and for an appropriate amount of time after the completion of their medication.
Because trichomoniasis is an infection of multiple sites (eg. vaginal epithelium, Skene glands, Bartholin glands, and urethra), if treat with allopathy, systemic treatment is needed; Homeopathy does not have these boundaries and complete organism/body will be treated simultaneously.
Because of the high rate of coinfection with other sexually transmitted infections (STIs), the healthcare provider should consider empiric treatment of gonorrhea and chlamydia. Patients should also be offered counseling and testing for HIV.
Allopathic therapy for trichomoniasis
Two oral nitroimidazoles for the treatment of trichomoniasis: metronidazole (Flagyl) and tinidazole (Tindamax). Although generally more expensive, tinidazole is associated with fewer adverse effects than metronidazole and is equal or superior in resolving T vaginalis infection. When the first-line agent is ineffective (and reinfection by partner is ruled out), the other nitroimidazole or an alternative dosing schedule of metronidazole may be used. Topical metronidazole and other antimicrobials are not efficacious and should not be used to treat trichomoniasis. 
Sexual partners of the infected patient should also be treated. Both the patient and partners should abstain from sexual activity until pharmacologic treatment has been completed, and they have no symptoms. Rescreening at 3 months posttreatment should be considered. Data are insufficient to support rescreening men.
The recommended drug schedules in the treatment of trichomoniasis:
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A single 2-g dose of metronidazole, tinidazole, or secnidazole.
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A schedule of 500 mg of metronidazole, taken twice daily for 7 days.
- Tinidazole is typically given as a single-dose therapy of 2 g taken with food.
Despite the widespread use of nitroimidazoles in the treatment of trichomoniasis, resistance to these drugs is typically solved by increasing the dose or switching to another nitroimidazole. The incidents of trichomoniasis resistant to metronidazole that were susceptible to tinidazole. When standard treatment regimens fail, a regimen of 2 g of oral metronidazole or tinidazole for 5 days may be considered. Inpatient intravenous (IV) therapy may be indicated when resistance is present.
Metronidazole in pregnancy
Metronidazole crosses the placenta in pregnancy. A number of clinical trials and meta-analyses have shown it to have teratogenic effects. The presented data suggesting that metronidazole treatment of asymptomatic carriers of T vaginalis increased the risk of preterm birth.
Treatment of trichomoniasis during pregnancy may relieve symptoms of vaginal discharge or prevent the rare complication of neonatal respiratory infection with trichomoniasis. Treatment has not been shown to reduce the incidence of preterm delivery associated with T vaginalis infection. Vertical transmission of trichomoniasis during delivery is relatively rare, but respiratory or genital infection of the newborn during delivery has been reported. Infected asymptomatic pregnant women may wish to defer treatment until after 37 weeks’ gestation. 
Tinidazole in pregnancy
Tinidazole should not be used in pregnant women. Animal studies have demonstrated adverse effects on fetal development.
In lactating women, it is recommended that breastfeeding be withheld during treatment and for 3 days after the last dose.
Secnidazole
For treatment of trichomoniasis caused by T vaginalis in adult females, cure rates are significantly higher in the secnidazole group compared with other drugs; a single dose or a 3-day course, demonstrated comparable efficacy to multi-dose metronidazole for treating trichomoniasis in both women and men.
Secnidazole in pregnancy
Pharmacy companies are providing the data for use of secnidazole in pregnant women. Breastfeeding is not recommended during treatment with secnidazole and for 96 hr after administration. Other nitroimidazole derivatives are present in human milk Because of the potential for serious adverse reactions, including tumorigenicity.
Clotrimazole
Many doctors don’t recommend the use of clotrimazole for treatment of trichomoniasis. Clotrimazole vaginal tablets have been used in the past; however, the cure rate was only 11% with this mode of therapy.
Homeopathic treatment for trichomoniasis
After positive diagnosis, Homeopathic treatment should be instituted immediately and, whenever possible, in conjunction with sexual partner. With Homeopathic treatment both patient and partner should abstain from sex for just 3 – 5 days. 
Patients undergoing pharmacotherapy should be advised to avoid alcohol, tobacco, green tea, white sugar, processed foods, coffee, chocolates etc.
Because trichomoniasis is an infection of multiple sites (eg. vaginal epithelium, Skene glands, Bartholin glands, and urethra), if treat with allopathy, systemic treatment is needed; Homeopathy does not have these boundaries and complete organism/body will be treated simultaneously.
Because of the high rate of coinfection with other sexually transmitted infections (STIs), the Homeopathic healthcare provider should consider empiric treatment of gonorrhea and chlamydia.
The aim of Homeopathy is not only to treat trichomoniasis but to address its underlying cause and its sister diseases too. Here are few well proven (from last two centuries) Homeopathic medicines for trichomoniasis:
Berberis Vulgaris
Urinary: Burning pains. Sensation as if some urine remained after urinating. Urine with thick mucus and bright-red, mealy sediment. Bubbling, sore sensation in kidneys. Pain in bladder region. Pain in the thighs and loins on urinating. Frequent urination: urethra burns when not urinating.
Male: Neuralgia of spermatic cord and testicles. Smarting, burning, stitching in testicles, in prepuce and scrotum.
Female: Pinching constriction in mons veneris, vaginismus, contraction and tenderness of vagina. Burning and soreness in vagina. Desire diminished, cutting pain during coition. Menses scanty, gray mucus, with pain in kidneys and chilliness, pain down thighs. Leucorrhea, grayish mucus, with painful urinary symptoms. Neuralgia of ovaries and vagina. 
Natrum Muriaticum
Pain just after urinating. Increased, involuntary when walking, coughing, etc. Has to wait a long time for it to pass if others are present.
Male: Emission, even after coitus. Impotence with retarded emission.
Menses irregular; usually profuse. Vagina dry. Leucorrhea acrid, watery. Bearing-down pains; worse in morning. Prolapsus uteri, with cutting in urethra. Ineffectual labor-pains. Suppressed menses.
Burning pains and stitching after stool. Anus contracted, torn, bleeding. Constipation; stool dry, crumbling. Painless and copious diarrhea, preceded by pinching pain in abdomen.
Mezereum
Red flakes float on top of urine. Hot, bloody Biting, burning in forepart of urethra at the close of micturition. Hematuria preceded by cramp pain in the bladder, After urinating, a few drops of blood.
Female: Menses too frequent, soon, profuse. Leucorrhea like albumen; very corroding.
Male: Enlargement of testicles. Violent sexual desire. Gonorrhea, with hematuria.
Argentum Nitricum
Urine passes unconsciously, day and night. Urethra inflamed, with pain, burning, itching. Urine scanty and dark. Emission of a few drops after having finished. Divided stream. Early stage of gonorrhea; profuse discharge and terrible cutting pains; Hematuria (bloody urine).
Male: Impotence. Erection fails when coition is attempted. Cancer-like ulcers. Desire wanting. Genitals shrivel. Coition painful.
Female: Gastralgia at beginning of menses. Intense spasm of chest muscles. Organs at night. Nervous erethism at change of life. Leucorrhea profuse, with erosion of cervix bleeding easily. Uterine hemorrhage. Painful ovaries.
Stool watery, noisy, flatulent; green, like chopped spinach, with shreddy mucus and enormous distention of abdomen; very offensive. Diarrhea immediately after eating or drinking. Fluids go right through him, after sweets. After any emotion with flatulence. Itching of anus.
Cantharis
Dysentery; mucous stools, like scrapings of intestines. Bloody, with burning and tenesmus and shuddering after stool.
Urine: Intolerable urging and tenesmus. Nephritis with bloody urine. Violent paroxysms of cutting and burning in whole renal region, with painful urging to urinate; urine passes drop by drop. Intolerable tenesmus; cutting before, during, and after urine. Constant desire to urinate. Membranous scales looking like bran in water. Urine jelly-like, shreddy.
Male: Strong desire; painful erections. Pain in glans. Priapism in gonorrhea.
Female: Retained placenta, with painful urination. Expels moles, dead fetuses, membranes, etc. Nymphomania. Puerperal metritis, with inflammation of bladder. Menses too early and too profuse; black swelling of vulva with irritation. Constant discharge from uterus. Burning pain in ovaries; extremely sensitive. Pain in os coccyx, lancinating and tearing.
Hepper Sulphuricum
The tendency to suppuration is most marked for Hepper Sulphuricum. Ulcers on cornea. Iritis. Scurf on and behind the ears. Discharge of fetid pus from the ears. Deafness. Pustules in auditory canal and auricle. Mastoiditis. Nose sore, ulcerated with thick, offensive discharges. Ulcers in mouth/gums, throat. Ulcers externally on prepuce similar, chancre. Suppurating inguinal glands. Fig warts of offensive odor. Humid soreness on genitals and between scrotum and thigh. Discharge of blood from uterus. Abscesses of labia with great sensitiveness. Extremely offensive leucorrhea.
Merc Solubilis
Merc Sol is the medicine of choice for chancre, syphilis, chlamydia and gonorrhea in all kinds and stages. Lids red, thick, swollen. Profuse, burning, acrid discharge. Thick, yellow, fetid and bloody otalgia. Nostrils raw, ulcerated; nasal bones swollen. Yellow-green, fetid, pus-like discharge. Syphilitic pustules on face, anal area, sexual organs etc; Vesicles and ulcers; soft chancre. Cold genitals. Prepuce irritated, itches. Sweetish metallic taste in mouth, mouth and throat ulcers, spongy gums. Alveolar abscess. Greenish discharge from urethra. Micturition. Hematuria. Excessive odorous viscid perspiration. Vesicular and pustular eruptions. Ulcers, irregular in shape, edges undefined.
Mercurius Corrosive
Antrum of Highmore and infections. Aphthae. Appendicitis. Bones infections. Bright’s disease. Oral cancer. Chancre. Diarrhea. Dysentery. Eczema. Enteric fever. Eyes infections. Gums infections. Intestines ulcerated. Intussusception. Iritis. Jaundice. Kidney’s inflammation. Labour, puerperal fever. Measles. Miscarriage. Mumps. Esophageal stricture. Paralysis. Paraphimosis. Pemphigus. Peri metritis, Peritonitis. Prosoplasia. Rigg’s disease. Supraorbital neuralgia. Syphilis. Tabes mesenterica. Taste disorder. Tenesmus. Tongue infections Elongated uvula.
Aurum Metallicum
Interstitial keratitis. Vascular cornea. Pains from without inward. Sticking pains inward. Trachoma with pannus. Caries of ossicula and of mastoid. Obstinate fetid otorrhea. Chronic nerve deafness; Labyrinthine disease due to syphilis. Ulcerated, painful, swollen, obstructed. Inflammation of nose; caries; fetid discharge, purulent, bloody. Boring pains in nose. Foul breath. Taste putrid or bitter. Ulceration of gums. Tearing in zygoma. Mastoid and other facial bones inflamed. Throat stitches; pain in glands. Caries of the palate. Pain and swelling of testicles. Chronic induration of testicles. Violent erections. Atrophy of testicles. Hydrocele. Great sensitiveness of vagina. Uterus enlarged and prolapsed. Sterility; vaginismus.
Destruction of bones. Secondary syphilis and/or gonorrhea. Pain in bones of head, lumps under scalp, exostosis with nightly pains in bones. Caries of nasal, palatine and mastoid bones. Soreness of affected bones, better in open air, worse at night.
Aurum Muriaticum
Burning, yellow, acrid leucorrhea; heart symptoms, glandular affections; Painful warts on tongue and genitals; sclerotic and exudative degeneration of the nervous system. Multiple sclerosis. Morvan’s disease. Second trituration. Caries. Chancre. Condylomas. Gonorrhea. Dropsy. Eczema. Fistula. Gonorrhea. Hemorrhage. Valuable in climacteric hemorrhages from the womb. Cancer, Morvan’s disease. Ophthalmia. Ozaena. Periostitis. Phthisis. Pudenda, over-sensitiveness of. Spinal sclerosis. Spleen, enlarged. Sterility. Syphilis. Uterine tumors; uterine hemorrhage. Vagina, heat, burning and itching. Exudative degeneration of the nervous system.
Cinnabaris
Albuminuria. Bubo. Catarrh. Chancre. Cystitis. Dysentery. Eye, inflammation of. Gleet. Gonorrhea. Gout. Nose, external, sensitive. Priapism. Rheumatism. Sciatica. Scrofula. Sleep, abnormal. Sycosis. Syphilis. Tapeworm. Warts. Swelling of the penis. Gonorrhea, with redness and swelling of the prepuce. Violent itching of the corona glands, with profuse secretion of pus. Condyloma. Balmorhea. Fetid and corrosive sweats, between the scrotum and the thighs. Leucorrhea, causing, during its discharge, pressure in the vagina.
Floricum Acidum
Abscess. Alcoholism. Alopecia. Apoplexy. Bone, affections of. Brain atrophy (could be due to syphilis and side effect allopathic antibiotics). Cicatrix. Coccygodynia. Decubitus. Dropsies. Eyes affections. Fistula. Gleet. Goiter. Gonorrhea. Hemorrhoids. Hair, falling out. Hands perspiring. Syphilitic rupia. Hydrocele. Liver, induration. Locomotor ataxy. Naevus. Nymphomania. Otorrhea. Peritonitis. Perspiration. Pityriasis. Satyriasis. Spleen diseases. Suppuration. Syphilis. Teeth, defective. Tongue, ulceration of. Varicose. Veins, diseased. Whitlow.
Nitricum Acidum
Anal fissure. Offensive perspiration from axilla. Offensive breathing. Bright’s disease. Bubo. Chancre. Cheloid. Chilblains. Climacteric. Condylomas. Corns. Cough. Dyspepsia. Ear infections. Epilepsy. Eyes infections. Feet perspiring. Fistula. Freckles.
Glandular swellings. Gleet. Gums, sore. Hematuria. Hemorrhages. Herpes. Herpes preputialis. Syphilitic iritis. Excessive menstruation. Metrorrhagia. Mucous patches. Myopia. Nails infections. Ozaena. Paralysis. Perspiration abnormal. Phimosis. Polypus. Proctitis. Prostate suppuration. Ranula. Rectum infections. Rickets. Salivation. Spinal injuries. Syphilis. Taste disordered. Ulceration of the tongue. Urine scanty, dark, offensive. Smells like horse’s urine. Cold on passing. Burning and stinging. Hematuria.
Kali Iodatum
Actinomycosis. Aneurysm. Anhidrosis. Bright’s disease. Bubo. Bunions. Cancer. Caries. Cold. Condylomas. Consumption. Cough. Croup. Debility. Dropsy. Ears, otalgia; tinnitus. Emaciation. Erythema nodosum. Eyes, infections; cysts on lids. Fibroma. Glandular swellings. Syphilis. Gonorrhea. Gout. Gumma. Hemorrhages. Hay fever. Intra-menstrual hemorrhage. Laryngitis. Liver diseases. Locomotor ataxy. Lumbago. Lungs hepatization. Menstrual disorders. Neuralgia. Nodes. Tinnitus. Nystagmus. Odor of body very offensive. Edema glottidis. Paralysis. Pleurisy. Rickets. Rupia. Sciatica. Scrofula. Smallpox. Spine, Pott’s curvature of. Tic-douloureux. Tongue neuralgia. Tumors. Ulcers. Wens. Corrosive leucorrhea, with subacute inflammatory conditions of the womb
Stillingia Sylvatica
Bones, diseases of; nodes on. Clergyman’s sore throat. Elephantiasis. Hemorrhoids. Headaches, syphilitic; mercurial; catarrhal. Hip-joint disease. Influenza. Larynx, affections of. Liver, affections of. Nodes. Periostitis. Psoriasis. Rheumatism. Scrofula. Syphilis; Secondary syphilis. Scrofula derma.
Syphilinum
Secondary syphilis. Abscess; succession of abscesses. Anal fissure. Aphasia. Bubo. Deafness. Deltoid rheumatism. Dysmenorrhea. Syphilis. Iritis. Leucorrhea. Mouth ulcers. Myopia. Neuralgia. Night-sweats. Ophthalmia. Otorrhea. Ovaries infections. Ozaena. Pemphigus. Psoas abscess. Ptosis. Rectum stricture. Rheumatism. Sciatica. Sleeplessness. Spinal caries. Strabismus. Stricture. Syphilis. Teeth, carious. Throat, ulcerated. Tibia pains. Ulcers. Whitlow. Caries of ossicles in ear of syphilitic origin. Caries of nasal bones, hard palate and septum, with perforation.
Carbo Vegetabilis
Otorrhea following exanthema diseases. Ears dry. Malformation of cerumen with exfoliation of dermoid layer of meatus. Aphonia. Influenza. Asthenopia. Cough. Asthma. Laryngitis. Lungs, congested. Esophagitis. Erysipelas of breasts. Purpura. Scabies. Scurvy. Bronchitis. Burns. Carbuncle. Catarrh. Chilblains. Cholera. Constipation. Deafness. Otorrhea following exanthema diseases. Debility. Stomach disordered. Gastritis. Flatulence. Eructation. Diarrhea. Prostatic fluids with stools. Distension. A musty, glutinous moisture exudes from rectum. Bleeding from rectum. Weeping piles. Dysentery. Dyspepsia. Emphysema. Erysipelas. Gangrene. Moist skin; hot perspiration; senile gangrene. Heart diseases. Hemorrhoids. Hair falling. Intermittent. Intertrigo. Irritation. Measles. Mumps. Epistaxis (Nose bleeding). Orchitis. Pregnancy disorders. Shivering. Tympanites. Typhus. Ulcers. Indolent ulcers, burning pain. Ichirou, offensive discharge; tendency to gangrene of the margins. Purpura. Varicose ulcers, carbuncles. Yellow fever.
Carbo Animalis
Acne rosacea. Face eruption. Glandular indurations. Otorrhea. Aneurysm. Breast cancer. Bubo. Cancer. Cataract. Constipation. Coccygodynia. Cough. Empyema. Eructation. Gangrene. Hemorrhoids. Headache. Leucorrhea. Lumbago. Pancreas induration. Profuse perspiration. Syphilis. Pleurisy. Polypus. Scrofula. Strabismus. Mouth and tongue infections. Trachea infections. Ulceration. Uterine cancer. Vision disorders. Burning in vagina and labia. Hemoptysis. Spongy cooper-colored ulcers/boils. Gland’s induration, painful and swelled.
Anthracinum
Septic inflammation, carbuncles and malignant ulcers. Boils and boil-like eruptions, acne. Terrible burning. Induration of cellular tissue, abscess, bubo, and all inflammation of connective tissue in which there exists a purulent focus.
Tissues: Hemorrhages, black, thick, tar-like, rapidly decomposing, from any orifice. Glands swollen, cellular tissues edematous and indurated. Septicemia. Syphilitic ulceration, sloughing and intolerable burning. Erysipelas. Black and blue blisters. Dissecting wounds. Insect stings. Bad effects from inhaling foul odors. Gangrenous parotitis. Succession of boils. Gangrene. Foul secretions.
Nitric Acid
Actinomycosis. Anal fissure. Offensive perspiration in axilla. Urinary bladder chronic catarrh. Breath offensive. Bright’s disease. Bronchitis. Bubo. Chancre. Cheloid. Chilblains. Climacteric. Condylomas. Corns. Cough. Dysentery. Constipation. Rectum infections. Fistula. Dyspepsia. Ear infections. Spine injury and/or infections. Syphilis. Cachexia due to syphilis, scrofula, intermittent fever with liver involvement and anemia. Paralysis. Epilepsy. Eyes infections. Feet foule perspiration. Glandular swellings. Gleet. Mouth sore, blisters and ulcers. Gums sored and ulcerated. Hematuria. Hemorrhages.
Herpes. Herpes preputialis. Syphilitic iritis. Irritation. Jaw-joints cracking. PCOs/PCOD. Metrorrhagia. Mucous patches. Myopia. Nails infections. Ozaena. Phimosis. Polypus. Proctitis. Prostate suppuration. Ranula. Rickets. Salivation. Taste disordered. Ulcers. Warts. Wens. Whooping-cough. Ulceration of cornea. Warts, large jagged; bleed on washing. Ulcers bleed easily, sensitive; splinter-like pains; zigzag, irregular edges; base looks like raw flesh. Exuberant granulations. Black pores on face, papules worse on forehead.
Urine scanty, dark, offensive. Smells like horse’s urine. Cold on passing. Burning and stinging. Urine bloody and albuminous. Alternation of cloudy, phosphatic urine with profuse urinary secretion in old prostatic cases. Soreness and burning in glans and beneath prepuce. Ulcers; burn and sting; exude, offensive matter. Female external parts sore, with ulcers. Leucorrhea brown, flesh-colored, watery, or stringy, offensive. Hair on genitals falls out. Uterine hemorrhages. Menses early, profuse, like muddy water, with pain in back, hips and thighs. Stitches through vagina. Metrorrhagia after parturition.
Badiaga
Breast cancer. Bruises. Bubo. Catarrh. Chilblains. Coryza. Eyes, pains in. Glands, affections of. Hay-fever. Hemorrhoids. Heart affections. Indurations. Ophthalmia. Palpitation. Rheumatism. Scrofula. Syphilis. Tibia pain. Whooping-cough. Glands swollen.
Phosphorus
Anus, fissure of. Antrum, disease of. Arteries, disease of. Asthma. Bone, diseases of. Brain, affections of; softening of. Brain-fag. Fistula. Flatulence. Stammering. Sterility. Syphilis. Fungus haematoidin. Gastritis. Glaucoma. Gleet. Tuberculosis. Tumors; erectile; polypoid; cancerous. Typhus fever. Ulcers. Urethra, stricture. Gums, ulceration of. Marasmus. Menorrhagia. Hemoglobinuria. Hemorrhagic diathesis. Headache. Heart, degeneration. Breast, abscess of; fistulae of. Bronchitis; membranous. Cancer; of bone. Hematuria, especially in acute Bright’s disease. Cataract. Catarrh; intestinal; nasal. Chilblains. Chlorosis. Chorea. Ciliary neuralgia. Coccygodynia. Metritis. Chlorosis. Phlebitis. Fistulous tracks after mammary abscess. Slight hemorrhage from uterus between periods. Constipation. Consumption. Corpulency. Cough. Croup. Dandruff. Diarrhea. Wounds bleed very much, even if small; they heal and break out again. Jaundice. Little ulcer outside of large ones. Petechiae. Ecchymosis. Purpura hemorrhagic. Scurvy. Fungus haematoidin and excrescences.
Kreosotum
Coccygodynia. Congenital syphilis. Constipation. Consumption. Syphilis. Syphilitic deafness. Teeth caries. Ulcers. Urine incontinence. Uterus infections. Glossitis. Hemorrhages. Hemorrhagic diathesis. Herpes. Hysterical vomiting. Irritation. Leucorrhea. Lip epithelioma. Lupus. Menstruation disorders.
Offensive violent itching of vulva and vagina, worse when urinating. Corrosive itching within vulva, burning and swelling of labia; violent itching between labia and thighs. Burning and soreness in external and internal parts. Leucorrhea yellow and acidic; odor of green corn; worse between periods. Hemorrhage after coition. Menses too early, prolonged. Vomiting of pregnancy, with ptyalism. Menstrual flow intermits. Lochia offensive; intermits.
Thuja Occidentalis
White, scaly dandruff; hair dry and falling out. Greasy skin of face. Eyelids agglutination. Stys and tarsal tumors. Acute and subacute inflammation of sclera. Chronic otitis. Chronic catarrh; thick, green mucus; blood and pus. On blowing nose, pain in teeth. Ulceration within the nostrils. White blisters on tongue side close to root, painfully sore. Teeth decay next to gums; very sensitive; gums retract. Urethra swollen inflamed. Urinary stream split and small. Inflammation of prepuce and glans; pain in penis. Balanitis. Syphilis. Gonorrheal rheumatism. Gonorrhea. Chronic induration of testicles. Pain and burning felt near neck of bladder, with frequent and urgent desire to urinate. Prostatic enlargement. Warty excrescences on vulva and perineum. Profuse leucorrhea; thick, greenish.
Severe pain in left ovary and left inguinal region. Polyps, tubercles, warts epithelioma, naevi, carbuncles; ulcers, especially in Ano-genital region. Freckles and blotches. Perspiration sweetish, and strong. Dry skin, with brown spots. Zona; herpetic eruptions. Tearing pains in glands. Glandular enlargement. Nails crippled; brittle and soft. Eruptions only on covered parts; worse after scratching. Very sensitive to touch. Sarcoma; polyps. Brown spots on hands and arms.
Phytolacca Decandra
Pre-eminently a glandular remedy. Glandular swellings with heat and inflammation. Has a powerful effect on fibrous and osseous tissues; fasciae and muscle sheaths; acts on scar tissue. Syphilitic bone pains; chronic rheumatism. Sore throat, quinsy, and diphtheria. Tetanus and opisthotonos. Decrease of weight. Retarded dentition. Scaly eruption on scalp. Throat dark red or bluish red. Much pain at root of tongue; soft palate and tonsils swollen. Pseudomembranous exudation, grayish white; thick, tenacious yellowish mucus, difficult to dislodge. Follicular pharyngitis. Mastitis.
Tumors of the breasts with enlarged axillary glands. Galactorrhea. Painful induration of testicles. Shooting along perineum to penis. Papula and pustular lesions. Most useful in early stages of cutaneous diseases. Disposition to boils, and when sloughing occurs. Squamous eruptions. Syphilitic eruptions. Swelling and induration of glands. Venereal buboes. Scarlatina-like rash. Warts and moles.
Arsenic Album
Abscess. Acne rosacea. Traumatic fever. Herpes zoster. Menstruation, disorders of. Miliary eruptions. Hodgkin’s disease. Typhus. Ulcers. Syphilis. Intermittent fever. Oral cancer. Carbuncle. Eczema. Peritonitis. Peri typhlitis. Pityriasis. Plethora. Pleurisy. Pleurodynia. Pneumonia. Psoriasis. Purpura. Pyemia. Endometritis. Enteric fever. Epithelioma. Erysipelas.
Eye infections. External inflammation, with extreme painfulness; burning, hot, and excoriating lachrymation. Corneal ulceration. Intense photophobia. Ciliary neuralgia. Gangrene. Glandular swellings. Locomotor ataxy. Itching, burning, swellings; edema, eruption, papular, dry, rough, scaly. Malignant pustules. Ulcers with offensive discharge. Syphilis. Anthrax. Poisoned wounds. Urticaria, with burning and restlessness. Psoriasis. Scirrhous. Icy coldness of body. Epithelioma of the skin. Gangrenous inflammations.
Belladonna
Urine retention. Acute urinary infections. Urine with tenesmus; dark and turbid, loaded with phosphates. Vesical region sensitive. Incontinence, continuous dropping. Frequent and profuse. Hematuria where no pathological condition can be found. Prostatic hypertrophy. Flow of prostatic fluid. Testicles hard, drawn up, inflamed. Nocturnal sweat of genitals. Sexual weakness – desire diminished.
Female: Sensitive forcing downwards, as if all the viscera would protrude at genitals. Vaginal dryness and heat. Dragging around loins. Pain in sacrum. Menses increased, bright red, too early, too profuse. Hemorrhage hot. Cutting pain from hip to hip. Menses and lochia very offensive and hot. Labor-pains come and go suddenly. Mastitis pain, throbbing, redness, streaks radiate from nipple. Breasts feel heavy; are hard and red. Tumors of breast. Badly smelling hemorrhages, hot gushes of blood. Diminished lochia.
Cannabis Sativa
Micturition in split stream. Stitches in urethra. Inflamed sensation, with soreness to touch. Burning extending to bladder while urinating. Urine scalding, with spasmodic closure of sphincter. Gonorrhea, acute stage; urethra very sensitive. Walks with legs apart. Dragging in testicles. Zigzag pain along urethra. Sexual overexcitement. Urethral caruncle, phimosis. Stoppage of urethra by mucus and pus.
Female: Amenorrhea when physical powers have been overtaxed, also with constipation.
Eucalyptus
Acute nephritis complicating influenza. Hematuria. Suppurative inflammation of kidneys. Urine contains pus and is deficient in urea. Bladder feels loss of expulsive force. Burning and tenesmus; catarrh of bladder; diuresis; urethral caruncle. Spasmodic stricture; gonorrhea. Leucorrhea, acrid, fetid. Ulcer around orifice of urethra.
Hydrastis Canadensis
Gleety discharge. Urine smells decomposed. Gonorrhea (sever and/or chronic); discharge thick and yellow.
Female: Erosion and excoriation of cervix. Leucorrhea, worse after menses; acrid and corroding, shreddy, tenacious. Menorrhagia. Pruritus vulvae, with profuse leucorrhea. Sexual excitement. Tumor of breast; nipple retracted. 
Calcarea Carbonica
Cutting pain in abdomen; Ascites. Flatulence. Inguinal and mesenteric glands swollen and painful. Distention with hardness. Gall-stone colic. Crawling and constriction in rectum. Stool large and hard; whitish, watery, sour. Prolapse ani, and burning, stinging hemorrhoids. Diarrhea of undigested, food, fetid, with ravenous appetite. Constipation; stool at first hard, then pasty, then liquid.
Urine dark, brown, sour, fetid, abundant, with white sediment, bloody. Irritable bladder. Enuresis.
Male: Frequent emissions. Increased desire. Semen emitted too soon. Coition followed by weakness and irritability.
Female: Before menses, headache, colic, chilliness and leucorrhea. Cutting pains in uterus during menstruation. Menses too early, too profuse, too long, with vertigo, toothache and cold, damp feet; the least excitement causes their return. Uterus easily displaced. Leucorrhea, milky. Burning and itching of parts before and after menstruation. Increased sexual desire, easy conception. Hot swelling breasts. Breasts tender and swell before menses. Milk too abundant; disagreeable to child. Deficient lactation, with distended breasts in lymphatic women. Much sweat about external genitals. Sterility with copious menses. Uterine polyps.
Bovista Lycoperdon
Diarrhea before and during menses. Menses too early and profuse; worse at night. Voluptuous sensation. Leucorrhea acrid, thick, tough, greenish, follows menses. Cannot bear tight clothing around waist. Traces of menses between menstruation. Soreness of pubes during menses. Metrorrhagia; Periovarian cysts.
Abdomen: Colic, with red urine; relieved by eating. Must bend double. Pain around umbilicus. Stitches through perineum towards rectum and genitals.
Sepia
Male: Organs cold. Offensive perspiration. Gleet; discharge from urethra only during night; no pain. Condylomas surround head of penis. Complaints from coition.
Female: Red, adhesive, sand in urine. Involuntary urination. Chronic cystitis, slow micturition, with bearing-down sensation above pubis. Pelvic organs relaxed. Bearing-down sensation as if everything would escape through vulva; must cross limbs to prevent protrusion or press against vulva. Leucorrhea yellow, greenish; with much itching. Menses Too late and scanty, irregular; early and profuse; sharp clutching pains. Violent stitches upward in the vagina, from uterus to umbilicus. Prolapse of uterus and vagina. Morning sickness. Vagina painful, especially on coition.
Flatulent, with headache. Liver sore and painful; relieved by lying on right side. Many brown spots on abdomen. Feeling of relaxation and bearing down in abdomen. Bleeding at stool and fullness of rectum. Constipation; large, hard stools. Dark-brown, round balls glued together with mucus. Pains shoot up in rectum and vagina.
Helonias Dioica
Dragging in sacral region, with prolapse, especially after a miscarriage. Pruritus vulvae. Backache after miscarriage. Weight and soreness in womb; conscious of womb. Menses too frequent, too profuse. Leucorrhea. Breasts swollen, nipples painful and tender. Parts hot, red, swollen; burn and itch terribly. Albuminuria during pregnancy. Debility attending the menopause.
Albuminuria, phosphatic; profuse and clear, saccharine. Diabetes. Aching and burning across the lumbar region radiating to lower extremities. can trace outlines of kidneys by constant burning.
Caladium
Gnawing in orifice of stomach, which prevents deep breathing and eructation. Eructation. Stomach feels full of dry food, sensation of fluttering. Acrid vomiting, thirstless and tolerates only warm drinks. Sighing respiration.
Male: Pruritus. Glans very red. Organs seem larger, puffed, relaxed, cold, sweating, skin of scrotum thick. Erections when half-asleep; cease when fully awake. Impotency; relaxation of penis during excitement. No emission and no orgasm during embrace.
Female: Pruritus of vulva and vagina during pregnancy. Voluptuousness. Cramp pains in uterus at night.
Ambra Grisea
Pain in bladder and rectum at the same time. Burning in orifice of urethra and anus. Feeling in urethra as if a few drops passed out. Burning and itching in urethra while urinating. Urine turbid, even during emission forming a brown sediment.
Female: Nymphomania, itching of pudendum, with soreness and swelling. Menses too early. Profuse, bluish leucorrhea. Worse at night. Discharge of blood between periods, and/or at every little accident.
Male: Voluptuous itching of scrotum. Parts externally numb; burn internally. Violent erections without voluptuous sensations.
Petroselinum
Urinary burning, tingling, from perineum throughout whole urethra; sudden urging, to urinate; frequent, voluptuous tickling in fossa navicularis. Gonorrhea: sudden, irresistible desire to urinate; intense biting, itching, deep in urethra; milky discharge.
Platina
Retarded; feces scanty; evacuated with difficulty. Adheres to rectum, like soft clay. Sticky stool. Constipation of travelers, who are constantly changing food and water. Stool as if burnt.
Female: Parts hypersensitive. Tingling internally and externally. Ovaries sensitive and burn. Menses too early, too profuse, dark-clotted, with spasms and painful bearing-down, chilliness, and sensitiveness of parts. Vaginismus. Nymphomania. Excessive sexual development; vaginismus. Pruritus vulvae. Ovaritis with sterility. Abnormal sexual appetite and melancholia.
Pulsatilla
Increased desire to urinate; worse when lying down. Burning in orifice of urethra during and after micturition. Involuntary micturition at night, while coughing or passing flatus. After urinating, spasmodic pain in bladder.
Female: Amenorrhea. Suppressed menses from wet feet, nervous debility, or chlorosis. Tardy menses. Too late, scanty, thick, dark, clotted, changeable, intermittent. Chilliness, nausea, downward pressure, painful, flow intermits. Leucorrhea acrid, burning, creamy. Pain in back; tired feeling. Diarrhea during or after menses.
Male: Orchitis; pain from abdomen to testicles. Thick, yellow discharge from urethra; late stage of gonorrhea. Stricture: urine passed only in drops, and stream interrupted. Acute prostatitis. Pain and tenesmus in urinating, worse lying on back.
Rumbling, watery; worse, night No two stools alike. Blind hemorrhoids, with itching and sticking pains. Dysentery; mucus and blood, with chilliness. Two or three normal stools daily.
Graphites
Constipation: large, difficult, knotty stools united by mucus threads. Burning hemorrhoids. Prolapse, diarrhea; stools of brown fluid, mixed with undigested substance, very fetid, sour odor. Smarting, sore anus, itching. Lump stool, conjoined with threads of mucus. Varices of the rectum. Fissure of anus.
Urine: Turbid, with sediment. Sour smelling.
Female: Menses too late, with constipation; pale and scanty, with tearing pain in epigastrium, and itching before. Hoarseness, coryza, cough, sweats and morning sickness during menstruation. Leucorrhea, pale, thin, profuse, white, excoriating, with great weakness in back. Breasts swollen and hard. Induration of ovaries and uterus and breasts. Nipples sore, cracked, and blistered. Decided aversion to coitus.
Male: Sexual debility, with increased desire; aversion to coition; too early or no ejaculation; herpetic eruption on organs.
Medorrhinum
Can pass stool only by leaning very far back. Intense itching of anus. Urine painful tenesmus when urinating. Nocturnal enuresis. Renal colic. Urine flows very slowly. Intense pruritus. Menses offensive, profuse, dark, clotted; stains difficult to wash out, urinates frequently at that time. Sensitive spot near os uteri. Leucorrhea thin, acrid, excoriating, fishy odor. Sycotic warts on genitals. Ovarian pain from ovary to ovary. Sterility. Metrorrhagia. Intense menstrual colic. Breasts cold, sore, and sensitive.
Nocturnal emissions, followed by great weakness. Impotence. Gleet: whole urethra feels sore. Urethritis. Enlarged and painful prostate with frequent urging and painful urination.
Pain in back, with burning heat. Legs heavy. Burning of hands feet. Finger-joints enlarged, puffy. Gouty concretions. Heels and balls of feet tender. Soreness of soles. Restless; better, clutching hands.
Staphysigaria
Hot flatus. Colic, with pelvic tenesmus. Severe pain following an abdominal operation. Diarrhea after drinking cold water, with tenesmus. Constipation, hemorrhoids, with enlarged prostate.
Male: Especially after self-abuse; persistent dwelling on sexual subjects. Spermatorrhea, with sunken features; guilty look; emissions, with backache and weakness and sexual neurasthenia. Dyspnea after coition.
Female: Parts very sensitive, worse sitting down. Irritable bladder in young married women. Leucorrhea. Prolapsus, with sinking in the abdomen; aching around the hips.
Urinary: Cystocele (locally and internally). Cystitis in lying-in patients. Ineffectual urging to urinate in newly married women. Pressure on bladder; feels as if it did not empty. Sensation as if a drop of urine were rolling continuously along the channel. Burning in urethra. Prostatic troubles; frequent urination. Urging and pain after urinating. Pain after lithotomy.
Rhododendron
Throbbing in anus. Drawing from rectum to genital organs.
Urinary Organs. More frequent urination, with drawing in the region of the bladder and in the groins. Pain in urethra. Increased discharge of a fetid urine. Urine clear, greenish, hot. Twitching and stitches at urethral orifice between acts of micturition.
Male Sexual Organs. Pain between genitals and thighs. Throbbing and shootings under glans. Drawing and pain (as from a bruise in testes) extending into abdomen and thighs. Testes, especially epididymis, intensely painful to touch. Testes swollen and retracted. Itching, sweat, and shrinking in scrotum. Transparent swelling of the scrotum, as from hydrocele. Gonorrhea. Induration of testes. Aversion to coitus and want of erections. Profuse emission with amorous dreams.
Female Sexual Organs: Suppressed catamenia. Premature and too profuse catamenia. Fever with headache. Pain in ovaries. Serous cysts in vagina. After parturition, burning in uterus alternately with pains in limbs, fingers flexed.
Prognosis
With Homeopathic trichomoniasis can usually be treated quickly and effectively and there are not any recurrent. However, with allopathy, recurrent infections are common in sexually active patients (17% of sexually active patients with T vaginalis infection were reinfected at 3-month follow-up). 
With allopathic treatment, women may experience various complications associated with trichomoniasis. One study reported a higher risk of pelvic inflammatory disease in women with trichomoniasis. Other studies have reported a 1.9-fold risk of tubal infertility in women with trichomoniasis. Trichomoniasis may also play a role in cervical neoplasia and postoperative infections; that’s why Homeopathic treatment is strongly recommended.
Pregnancy
Pregnant women with T vaginalis infection and treated with allopathy, are at an especially high risk for adverse outcomes, which may include the following:
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Preterm delivery,
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Low birth-weight offspring,
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Premature rupture of membranes,
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Intrauterine infection,
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Respiratory or genital T vaginalis infection in the newborn etc.
T vaginalis infection may also increase the likelihood of vertical HIV transmission owing to disruption of the vaginal mucosa.
Male infertility
Researchers conducted a study involving 197 male volunteers seeking allopathic medical care for infertility issues, collecting urine and semen samples to investigate the frequency of trichomoniasis. The average age of participants ranged from 36 to 40 years, with 181 individuals experiencing fertility problems compared to 16 with normal fertility. Spermogram analysis revealed that 48% of participants had non-motile or progressive sperm, and 48% exhibited abnormalities in sperm morphology. Whereas microscopic examination did not detect T vaginalis, molecular analysis using PCR and sequencing identified one case of trichomoniasis in a 33-year-old infertile man, who had only 0.3% normal sperm and 19% motility. The isolated T vaginalis was classified as the G genotype.
The study highlights that trichomoniasis in males has often been deemed unimportant, with the assumption that it would resolve on its own. However, the findings suggest that parasites may be a contributing factor to male infertility.
P. S: This article is only for doctors and students having good knowledge about Homeopathy and allopathy.
For proper consultation and treatment, please visit our clinic.
Dr. Sayyad Qaisar Ahmed (MD {Ukraine}, DHMS), Abdominal Surgeries, Oncological surgeries, Gastroenterologist, Specialist Homeopathic Medicines.
Senior research officer at Dnepropetrovsk state medical academy Ukraine.
Location: Al-Haytham clinic, Umer Farooq Chowk Risalpur Sadder (0923631023, 03119884588), K.P.K, Pakistan.
Find more about Dr Sayed Qaisar Ahmed at:
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