Leprosy (Hansen’s Disease) is a disease mainly caused by the bacteria Mycobacterium leprae, which causes damage to the skin and the peripheral nervous system. The disease develops very slowly (from six months to 40 years) and results in skin lesions and deformities, most often affecting the cooler places on the body (for example, eyes, nose, earlobes, hands, feet, and testicles). The skin lesions and deformities can be very disfiguring and are the reason that historically people considered infected individual’s outcasts in many cultures.

The incubation period for leprosy varies from about six months to 20 years.

The disease is termed a chronic granulomatous disease, similarly to tuberculosis (genetically related to M. tuberculosis), because it produces inflammatory nodules (granulomas) in the skin and peripheral nerves over time. As with malaria, patients with leprosy produce anti-endothelial antibodies (antibodies against the lining tissues of blood vessels), but the role of these antibodies in these diseases is still under investigation.

Microbiology

Mycobacterium leprae, a rod-shaped slow-growing bacillus is an obligate intracellular (only grows inside of certain human and animal cells) bacterium. M. leprae is termed an “acid-fast” bacterium because of its chemical characteristics. When medical professionals use special stains for microscopic analysis, it stains red on a blue background due to mycolic acid content in its cell walls. The Ziehl-Neelsen stain is an example of the special staining techniques used to view the acid-fast organisms under the microscope.

The bacteria grow best at 80.9 F-86 F, so cooler areas of the body tend to develop the infection. The bacteria grow very well in the body’s macrophages (a type of immune system cell) and Schwann cells (cells that cover and protect nerve axons).

In 2009, investigators discovered a new Mycobacterium species, M. lepromatosis, which causes diffuse disease (lepromatous leprosy). Considered one of the tropical diseases, this new species (determined by genetic analysis) appeared in patients located in Argentina, Aruba, Bolivia, Cayman Islands, USA, Bermuda, Mexico, Brazil, Chile and Colombia.

Transmission/contagious?

Although human-to-human transmission is the primary source of infection, three other species can carry and (rarely) transfer M. leprae to humans: chimpanzees, mangabey monkeys, and nine-banded armadillos.

M. leprae spreads from person to person by nasal secretions or droplets from the upper respiratory tract and nasal mucosa, infected droplets can infect others by entering breaks in the skin. M. leprae apparently cannot infect intact skin.

Risk factors

People at the highest risk are those who live in the areas where leprosy is endemic especially non-Muslim areas (Muslims washes their genitals, arms, faces, arms and legs several times a day for prayer – the cool parts of the body) and especially those people in constant physical contact with infected people. In addition, there is some evidence that genetic defects in the immune system may cause certain people to be more likely to become infected (region q25 on chromosome 6). Additionally, people who handle certain animals known to carry the bacteria (for example, armadillos, chimpanzees, sooty mangabey, and cynomolgus macaque etc) are at risk of getting the bacteria from the animals.

Classifications, forms of leprosy

There are multiple forms of leprosy, the forms of leprosy depend on the person’s immune response to M. leprae. A good immune response can produce the so-called tuberculoid form of the disease, with limited skin lesions and some asymmetric nerve involvement. A poor immune response can result in the lepromatous form, characterized by extensive skin and symmetric nerve involvement. Some patients may have aspects of both forms.

Ridley-Jopling system

The Ridley-Jopling system is composed of six forms or classifications, listed below according to increasing severity of symptoms:

1- Indeterminate leprosy

A few hypopigmented macules; can heal spontaneously, this form persists or advances to other forms.

2- Tuberculoid leprosy

A few hypopigmented macules, some are large, and some become anesthetic (lose pain sensation); some neural involvement in which nerves become enlarged; spontaneous resolution in a few years, persists or advances to other forms; cell-mediated immune response appears in this classification but is almost absent in lepromatous leprosy.

3- Borderline tuberculoid leprosy

Lesions like tuberculoid leprosy but smaller and more numerous with less nerve enlargement. This form may persist, revert to tuberculoid leprosy, or advance to other forms.

4- Mid-borderline leprosy

Many reddish plaques that are asymmetrically distributed, moderately anesthetic, with regional adenopathy (swollen lymph nodes). The form may persist, regress to another form, or progress.

5- Borderline lepromatous leprosy

Many skin lesions with macules (flat lesions) papules (raised bumps), plaques, and nodules, sometimes with or without anesthesia; the form may persist, regress, or progress to lepromatous leprosy.

6- Lepromatous leprosy

Early lesions are pale macules (flat areas) that are diffuse and symmetric. Later professionals can find many leprae organisms in the lesions. Alopecia (hair loss) occurs. Often patients have no eyebrows or eyelashes. As the disease progresses, nerve involvement leads to anesthetic areas and limb weakness. Progression leads to aseptic necrosis (tissue death from lack of blood in the area), lepromas (skin nodules), and disfigurement of many areas. The lepromatous form does not regress to the other less severe forms.

Histoid leprosy

Histoid leprosy is a clinical variant of lepromatous leprosy that presents with clusters of histiocytes (a type of cell involved in the inflammatory response) and a Grenz zone (an area of collagen separating the lesion from normal tissue) seen in microscopic tissue sections.

WHO system

The WHO classification system has only two forms or classifications of leprosy:

• Paucibacillary leprosy: skin lesions with no bacilli (leprae) seen in a skin smear
• Multibacillary leprosy: skin lesions with bacilli (leprae) seen in a skin smear

The WHO further modifies these two classifications with clinical criteria because “of the non-availability or non-dependability of the skin-smear services. The clinical system of classification for treatment includes the use of several skin lesions and nerves involved as the basis for grouping leprosy patients into multibacillary (MB) and paucibacillary (PB) leprosy.” Investigators state that up to about four to five skin lesions constitute paucibacillary leprosy, while about five or more constitute multibacillary leprosy.

P.S: Globally, doctors use the Ridley-Jopling classification in evaluating patients in clinical studies.

Symptoms and signs

Unfortunately, the early signs and symptoms of leprosy are very subtle and occur slowly – over years. The symptoms are similar to those that may occur with syphilis, tetanus, and leptospirosis.

The following are the major signs and symptoms of leprosy:

• Nerve injury – numbness, loss of temperature and touch sensation (among the first symptoms),
• Pins and needles sensations (among the first symptoms),
• Pain (especially small joints),
• Deep pressure sensations are decreased or lost,
• Weight loss,
• Blisters and/or rashes, large ulcerations (ulcers relatively painless due to nerve injury),
• Skin lesions of hypopigmented macules (flat, pale areas of skin that lost color),
• Eye damage (dryness, reduced blinking),
• Hair loss (for example, loss of eyebrows),
• Loss of digits (later symptoms and signs),
• Facial disfigurement (for example, loss of nose) (later symptoms and signs),
• Erythema nodosum leprosum: tender skin nodules accompanied by other symptoms like fever, joint pain, neuritis, and edema.

This long-term developing sequence of events begins and continues in the cooler areas of the body (for example, hands, feet, face, and knees).

Diagnosis

Physicians diagnose the majority of cases of leprosy by clinical findings for example:

1- Hypopigmented patches of skin or reddish skin patches with loss of sensation, thickened peripheral nerves, or both clinical findings together often comprise the clinical diagnosis.

2- Skin smears or biopsy material that show acid-fast bacilli with the Ziehl-Neelsen stain or the Fite stain (biopsy) can diagnose multibacillary leprosy, or if bacteria are absent, diagnose paucibacillary leprosy.

3- Other tests can be done, but specialized labs perform most of these, which may help a clinician to place the patient in the more detailed Ridley-Jopling classification and are not routinely done (lepromin test, phenolic glycolipid-1 test, PCR, lymphocyte migration inhibition test, or LMIT).

4- CBC tests (complete blood count), liver function tests, creatinine tests, or a nerve biopsy to help determine if other organ systems have been affected.

 Allopathic treatment for leprosy

Antibiotics treat the majority of cases (mainly clinically diagnosed) of leprosy. The recommended antibiotics, their dosages, and length of time of administration are based on the form or classification of the disease and whether or not the patient is under medical supervision. In general, two antibiotics (dapsone and rifampicin) treat paucibacillary leprosy, while multibacillary leprosy is treated with the same two plus a third antibiotic, clofazimine. Usually, medical professionals administer these antibiotics for at least six to 12 months or more.

Multidrug therapy (MDT) with three antibiotics (dapsone, rifampicin, and clofazimine) treats multibacillary leprosy, while a modified MDT with two antibiotics (dapsone and rifampicin) is recommended for paucibacillary leprosy and composes most current treatments today. Paucibacillary leprosy usually includes indeterminate, tuberculoid, and borderline tuberculoid leprosy from the Ridley-Jopling classification, while multibacillary leprosy usually includes the double (mid-) borderline, borderline lepromatous, and lepromatous leprosy.

Antibiotics can treat paucibacillary leprosy with little or no residual effects on the patient. Multibacillary leprosy can be kept from advancing, and living M. leprae can be essentially eliminated from the person by antibiotics, but the damage done before antibiotics are administered is usually not reversible.

Recent studies suggest single-dose treatment of patients with only one skin lesion with rifampicin, minocycline, or ofloxacin is effective. Studies of other antibiotics are ongoing.

Each patient, depending on the above criteria, has a schedule for their individual treatment, so a clinician knowledgeable about that patient’s initial diagnostic classification should plan a patient’s treatment schedule.

Also advise steroid medications to minimize pain and acute inflammation with leprosy; however, controlled trials (experiments on patients) showed no significant long-term effects on nerve damage.

Cosmetics Surgeries

The role of surgery in the treatment of leprosy occurs after a patient completes allopathic treatment (antibiotics) with negative skin smears (no detectable acid-fast bacilli) and is often only needed in advanced cases. Medical professionals individualize surgery for each patient to attempt cosmetic improvements and, if possible, to restore limb function and some neural functions that were lost to the disease.

Homeopathic treatment for leprosy

Homeopathic treatment for leprosy is 100% accurate cheap, time and money saving and is very short {30-80 (if cases sever) days only}. Here are few of Homeopathic medicines for leprosy:

Hydrocotyle Asiatica (Cantella Asiatica)

The skin, the liver, the nerves, the mucous membranes and the female generative organs are the chief seats of the hydrocotyle’s action. Swelling of nose. Acne rosacea, eczema, pemphigus, lupus, copper-colored eruption; papular eruption on face; intolerable itching in various places. Glandular swellings. Elephantiasis (lymphatic filariasis). Favus. Gangrene. Gonorrhea. Gout. Eyes look unsteady. Injection of palpebral conjunctiva. Pricking in eyes. Vision dim; dazzling. Ichthyosis. Leprosy. Leucorrhea. Liver, contraction. Lupus. Neuralgia orbitalis. Skin affections. Syphilis. Uterus – follicular inflammation. Gouty and rheumatic disorders. Affections of the trigeminus nerve. Bruised feeling in all the muscles. Whitish spots on upper and under sides of tongue. Impediment in speech. Redness of velum palate, with pain on swallowing.

Spots almost circular, with raised scaly edges. Yellowish spots on legs. Erysipelatous redness. Red points on eyelids, on neck and both hands. Red spots, covered with whitish scales. Lilac-colored spot, shaped like an ear, on sole; the skin over it is depressed, and walking is painful. Erythema on face, neck, back, chest, arms, and thighs; with much itching; with copious sweat. Miliary eruptions on neck, back, and chest. Sudamina (miliaria) on abdomen. Papules on face. Pustules. Pricking. Itching in several places, at tip of nose. Cold hands and feet, with general condition resembling precursory stage of fever, without alteration of pulse. Sensation of coldness in forearm, hand, foot, and leg. Febrile movements. Heat of skin; in bones of leg; in tibia; in face in flushes; in different parts of face in flushes, specially temporal regions. Profuse sweat.

Cedron (Simaba Cedron)

Brow ague. Cerebro-spinal meningitis. Ciliary neuralgia. Chorea. Granular ulceration. Epilepsy, menstrual. Glaucoma. Gout. Hydrophobia. Hysteria. Intermittent fever. Neuralgia. Neuritis. Rheumatism. Snakebites. Red face in hot stage; thirst with desire for warm drinks. Profuse perspiration. General debility, languor, and fainting. Malaise. Trembling. Swollen sensations; numbness of whole body. Numbness and enlarged sensation; malaise; sensation as if paralyzed.

Depression. Restlessness, as driven from place to place; urine dark yellow, polyuria. Lectophobia. Body heavy. Tip of nose cold. Glassy-looking mucus; or thin, clear, acidic. Animated red face. Flying heat of face alternating with chills. Prosoplasia (trigeminal neuralgia), wandering pains, spasmodic distortion of muscles. Tumid face, pupils much dilated. Lips cold, bluish, dry. Painful pricking of tongue with sensation of heat, feels paralyzed. Difficulty of speech, stammering.

Burning along ureter and in urethra. Feeling as if a drop of urine in urethra, or a constant dripping from it. Gleet with formication over whole body. Lancinating pains in joints. Cramps; contracting pains; bruised sensations. Twitching in tendons; of tendo Achillis. Icy coldness of extremities.

Guarea Trichilioides

Apoplexy. Asthma millari. Bones affections. Eruption with burning vesicles. Chemosis. Dysphagia. Eyes affections like chemosis, pterygium. Swelling beneath eyes. Swelling of lachrymal gland. Suppurating swellings on face. Intermittent fever. Liver-spots. Lupus. Pterygium. Swelling of periosteum behind ears. Sensation in ears as of a peg; of a worm; pushing out feeling. Steatoma (cyst of sebaceous gland); hot swelling; swelling of affected parts. Suppuration of glands. Ptosis. Tongue affections. Tonsils, swollen. Vertigo. Eruptions behind ears. Herpes. Itching. Lupus. Heat of upper part of body, coldness of bones. Sweat chiefly during and after eating. Sweat aromatic.

Natrium Muriaticum

Aphthae. Chorea. Cracks in the skin. Debility. Face, complexion unhealthy. Gleet. Glossopharyngeal paralysis. Gonorrhea. Gout. Headache. Herpes. Herpes circinate. Intermittent fever. Leucocythemia. Leucorrhea. Lips eruptions. Mouth inflammation. Nettle rash. Pediculosis. Ranula. Seborrhoea. Splenomegaly. Taste lost/disordered. Tongue blistered, white coated, heavy. Trifacial-nerve paralysis. Ulcers. Varices. Vaginismus. Warts. Rash over whole body, with stinging sensation in skin.

Arsenicum Album

Weakness in small of back. Drawing in of shoulders. Pain and burning in back. Trembling, twitching, spasms, weakness, heaviness, uneasiness in extremities. Cramps in calves. Swelling of feet. Burning pains. Peripheral neuritis. Diabetic gangrene. Ulcers on heel. Paralysis of lower limbs with atrophy.

Skin itching, burning, swellings; oedema, eruption, papular, dry, rough, scaly; worse cold and scratching. Malignant pustules. Ulcers with offensive discharge. Anthrax. Poisoned wounds. Urticaria, with burning and restlessness. Psoriasis. Scirrhous. Icy coldness of body. Epithelioma of the skin. Gangrenous inflammations.

Skin within ears raw and burning. Thin, excoriating, offensive otorrhea. Roaring in ears, during a paroxysm of pain. Thin, watery, excoriating nasal discharge. Burning and bleeding. Acne of nose. Lupus. Face swollen, pale, yellow, cachectic, sunken, cold, and covered with sweat. Tearing needle-like pains; burning. Lips black, livid. Angry, circumscribed flush of cheeks.

Easily-bleeding gums. Ulceration of mouth with dryness and burning heat. Epithelioma of lips. Tongue dry, clean, and red; stitching and burning pain in tongue, ulcerated with blue color. Bloody saliva. Neuralgia of teeth; feel long and very sore; worse after midnight; better warmth. Metallic taste. Gulping up of burning water.

Hura Brasiliensis

Blindness. Hysteria. Leprosy. Nares affections. Skin affections. Spine, pains, compression of the spinal cord. Twitching and irritability. Prickling and burning in eyes; sensation as if sand in them. Eyelids red. Inflammation of the puncta. Vision dim. Blindness. Sparks and zigzags before the sight. Face weary looking as after a debauch; rings round eyes, dull and dark-looking with paleness mottled with red, scarlet and bloated. Heat rising to face. Swellings on upper part of cheeks. Lips red. Pimples inside lower lip, on face; large pimples itching very much. Tongue white; pain at tip, fleshy. Lancinations, throbbing, rheumatic pains, numbness in limbs. Feet and body generally constantly cold and damp. Heat and transient perspiration.

Azadirachta

An afternoon fever and rheumatic pains in various parts, fever, which commences with a very slight chill. Pain in sternum and ribs, in back and shoulders and extremities; heat, pricking and aching in hands, especially palms, fingers, also toes. Glowing heat and burning, especially in face, eyes, palms of hands and soles of feet in open air; sweat copious, commencing on forehead, gradually extending towards trunk; no sweat on lower part of body. Numbness of hands and feet. Much itching of body; burning and prickling. Miliaria (heat rash) on back.

Tuberculinum

Undoubted value in the treatment of incipient tuberculosis. Always tired; motion causes intense fatigue; aversion to work; wants constant changes. Rapid emaciation. Of great value in epilepsy, neurasthenia and in nervous patients. Diarrhea in children running for weeks, extreme wasting, bluish pallor, exhaustion. Mentally deficient children. Enlarged tonsils. Skin affections, acute articular rheumatism. Very sensitive, mentally and physically. General exhaustion. Nervous weakness. Trembling. Epilepsy. Arthritis.

Enlarged tonsils. Hard, dry cough during sleep. Chronic eczema; itching intense; worse at night. Acne in tuberculous children. Measles; psoriasis. Loss of weight. Deposits begin in apex of lung. Putrid ulcers, surrounded by little pimples. Post-critical temperature of a remittent type. Flushing of cheek of same side as lung affected.

Sensation of formication in arms and legs. Great weakness in limbs. Trembling of limbs. Twitching in the limbs. Diminution of inflammation above elbow joint. Abscess with thick yellow pus. Swelling and tenderness of knee-joints.

Leukocytosis; diminution of oxyhemoglobin.  Oxyhemoglobin first diminished then increased. Inflammatory processes occur to an intense degree, in edges of existing ulcers, in neighboring lymphatic glands, esp. bronchial and mesenteric. Lymphatic glands present a quite unusual degree of enlargement, and notably that form of medullary swelling. Leukocytosis: various infiltrations of white blood corpuscles over affected parts. Enormous dangerous swellings in parts near ulcers. Erythematous eruption like measles or scarlatina, with subcutaneous indurated nodules. Bronze patches on the forehead and temples, on finger-points.

Hepar Sulph

Suits especially scrofulous and lymphatic constitutions who are inclined to have eruptions and glandular swellings. Unhealthy skin, Sweating, Respiratory mucous membrane, producing croupous catarrhal inflammation, profuse secretion; also, easy perspiration. Sinus with pus forming, Chilliness, hypersensitiveness, splinter-like pains. Corneal nonhealing ulcers. Iritis, with pus in anterior chamber; purulent conjunctivitis, with marked chemosis, profuse discharge, great sensitiveness to touch and air. Eyes and lids red and inflamed. Objects appear red and too large. Vision obscured by reading; field reduced one-half. Bright circles before eyes. Hypopyon (WBC trapped in eyes).

Abscesses: suppurating glands are very sensitive. Papules. Ulcers, with bloody suppuration. Discharge of fetid pus from the ears. Deafness after scarlet fever. Pustules in auditory canal and auricle. Mastoiditis. Neuralgia of right side, extending in streak into temple, ear, alae, and lip. Pains in bones of face, especially when being touched. Ulcers in corners of mouth. Shooting in jaw on opening mouth. Gums and mouth painful to touch and bleed readily.

Herpes, sensitive, bleed easily. Ulcers similar to chancre. Fig warts of offensive odor. Humid soreness on genitals and between scrotum and thigh. Obstinate gonorrhea. Extremely offensive leucorrhea. Finger-joints swollen; tendency to easy dislocation. Nails painful on slight pressure. Abscesses: suppurating glands are very sensitive. Papules prone to suppurate and extend. Acne in youth. Suppurate with prickly pain. Easily bleed. Angio-neurotic oedema. Unhealthy skin: every little injury suppurates. Chapped skin, with deep cracks on hands and feet. Ulcers, with bloody suppuration, smelling like old cheese. Sweats day and night without relief. Sticking or pricking in afflicted parts. Putrid ulcers, surrounded by little pimples. Chronic and recurring urticaria. Smallpox. Chilly in open air or from slightest draught. Dry heat at night. Profuse sweat – sour, sticky, offensive.

Hydrastis Canadensis

Acts especially on mucous membranes, relaxing them. Ulcers with thick, yellowish, ropy secretion, yellow, tenacious mucus, throat, stomach, uterus, urethra. Follicular pharyngitis. Raw, smarting, excoriating sensation. Hawking of yellow, tenacious mucus. Easily tired people, cachectic individuals, with great debility. Cerebral effects prominent, weak muscular power, poor digestion and obstinate constipation. Lumbago. Emaciation and prostration. Cancer and cancerous state, before ulceration. Goiter of puberty and pregnancy.

Eruption like variola. Lupus; ulcers, cancerous formations. General tendency to profuse perspiration and unhealthy skin. Liver torpid, tender. Jaundice. Eruption like variola. Lupus; ulcers, cancerous formations. General tendency to profuse perspiration and unhealthy skin.

Stannum Metallicum

Phthisis mucosa. Hectic fever. Severe debility. Colics. Exhausting night-sweats, especially towards morning. Hectic. Perspiration, principally on forehead and nape of neck; debilitating; smelling musty or offensive. Paralytic weakness; drops things. Ankles swollen. Limbs suddenly give out when attempting to sit down. Dizziness and weakness when descending. Spasmodic twitching of muscles of forearm and hand. Fingers jerk when holding pen. Neuritis. Typewriters’ paralysis. Fever in evening; exhausting night-sweats, especially towards morning. Hectic. Perspiration, principally on forehead and nape of neck; debilitating; smelling musty, or offensive.

Bacilinium

Tubercular meningitis. Favors falling off of tartar of teeth. Constant disposition to take cold. Abdominal pains enlarged glands in groins, tabes mesenterica. Sudden diarrhea before breakfast. Obstinate constipation, with offensive flatus. Ringworm; pityriasis. Eczema of eyelids. Glands of neck enlarged and tender. Consumptiveness Growth, defective. Hydrocephalus. Idiocy. Insanity. Joints affections. Phthiriasis palpebrarum (Pediculosis pubis).

Psorinum

Debility, independent of any organic disease, especially the weakness remaining after acute disease. Lack of reaction, i.e. phagocytes defective, when well-chosen remedies fail to act. Scrofulous patients. Dry, hard cough, with great weakness in chest. Secretions have a filthy smell. Profuse sweating. Eyes agglutinated. Blepharitis. Chronic ophthalmia, that constantly recurs. Tongue, gums ulcerated; tough mucus of foul taste adheres to soft palate.

Tonsils greatly swollen; painful swallowing, with pain in ears. Profuse, offensive saliva; tough mucus in throat. Recurring quinsy. Eradicates tendency to quinsy. Hawking up of cheesy, pea-like balls of disgusting smell and taste.

Mucous, bloody, excessively fetid, dark fluid. Hard, difficult stool, with blood from rectum and burning piles. Constipation of infants, in pale, sickly scrofulous children.

Leucorrhea fetid, lumpy, with much backache and debility. Mammae swollen and painful. Pimples oozing an acrid fluid that burns and excoriates the glands.

Weakness of joints. Eruption around fingernails. Fetid foot-sweats. Skin dirty, dingy look. Dry, lusterless, rough hair. Intolerable itching. Herpetic eruptions, especially on scalp and bends of joints with itching; worse, from warmth of bed. Enlarged glands. Sebaceous glands secrete excessively, oily skin. Indolent ulcers, slow to heal. Eczemas. Crusty eruptions all over. Urticaria after every exertion. Pustules near fingernails.

Spongia Tosta

Tubercular diathesis. Respiration short, panting, difficult. Irrepressible cough from a spot deep in chest, as if raw and sore. Chest weak; can scarcely talk. Laryngeal phthisis. Goiter, with suffocative spells. Oppression and heat of chest, with sudden weakness. Ulceration of external ear. Pain in cartilages. Spasmodic pain in joints. Tension in articulation. Drawing, painful stitches extending from body through glans. Spasmodic contraction in the testes. Gouty pains in testicles. Miliary eruptions.

Enlargement and induration of ovaries, of glands. Painful tension and rigidity in muscles, jerking of muscles. Sensation of numbness in loins and buttocks. Pains in forearms and joints of hands. Large blisters in the forearm. Swelling of hands, with stiffness of fingers, with tension when they are bent. Numbness in points of fingers. Jerking of muscles. Painful sensitiveness of all body, with chilliness on the parts touched, or with tingling running through whole body. Sensation of torpor in lower part of body.

Phosphorus

Muscular pseudo-hypertrophy. Inflammations and degenerations of mucous membranes. Irritation and inflammation of serous membranes, of spinal cord and nerves – causing paralysis. destroyed bones, especially the lower jaw and tibia. Osteo myelitis. Bone fragility. Fatty degeneration of blood vessels and every tissue and organ of the body. Hemorrhages, and hematogenous jaundice. Tuberculosis. Repeated hemoptysis. Destructive metabolism. Yellow atrophy of the liver. Polycythemia (a type of blood cancer).

Hippocratic countenance. Tearing pain in bones.  Swelling and necrosis of bones. Hectic, with small, quick pulse; viscid night-sweats. Stupid delirium. Profuse perspiration. Liver congested. Acute hepatitis. Fatty degeneration. Jaundice. Little ulcer outside of large ones. Petechiae. Ecchymosis. Purpura hemorrhagic. Scurvy. Fungus haematoidin and excrescences.

Ascending sensory and motor paralysis from ends of fingers and toes. Stitches in joints. Burning of feet. Weakness and trembling, from every exertion. Can scarcely hold anything. Tibia inflamed and became necrosed. Arms and hands become numb. Joints suddenly give way. Great drowsiness. Chilly every evening. Cold knees at night. Hectic, with small, quick pulse; viscid night-sweats. Stupid delirium. Profuse perspiration. Wounds bleed very much, even if small; they heal and break out again. Jaundice. Little ulcer outside of large ones. Petechiae. Ecchymosis. Purpura hemorrhagic. Scurvy. Fungous hematodes and excrescences.

Note: Do not advise Phosphorus too low or too frequently, it may hasten the destructive degeneration of tubercular masses.

Hecla Lava

Marked action upon the jaws. Of great use in exostosis, gum abscess, difficult teething. Nodosities, caries of bone, etc. Osteitis, periostitis, osteosarcoma; rachitis. Tumors in general. Bone necrosis. Necrosis and sinus after mastoid operation.

Ulceration of nasal bones. Facial neuralgia from carious teeth and after extraction. Toothache, with swelling about jaws. Abscess of gums. Enlargement of maxillary bone. Cervical glands enlarged and indurated.

China Officianalis

Chronic gout. Chronic suppurative pyelitis. Pains in limbs and joints. Indurated glands; scrofulous ulcers and caries. Stool undigested, frothy, yellow; painless. Joints swollen; very sensitive. Great debility, trembling, with numb sensation. Weariness of joints. Extreme sensitiveness to touch, but hard pressure relieves. Coldness; much sweat. One hand ice cold, the other warm. Anasarca. Dermatitis; erysipelas. Indurated glands; scrofulous ulcers and caries. Liver and spleen swollen and enlarged. Jaundice. Internal coldness of stomach and abdomen. Gastro-duodenal catarrh.

Iodum

Rapid metabolism, loss of flesh great appetite. Debility, the slightest effort induces perspiration. Enlarged lymphatic glands. All glandular structures, respiratory organs, circulatory system are especially affected; they atrophy. Acute exacerbation of chronic inflammation. Arthritis deformans. Acts prominently on connective tissue. Goiter. Abnormal vasoconstriction, capillary congestion followed by oedema, ecchymosis, hemorrhages, and nutritive disturbances are the pathological conditions at the basis of its symptomatology. Menstruation irregular. Uterine hemorrhages. Ovaritis. Wedge-like pain from ovary to uterus. Dwindling of mammary glands. Nodosities in breast’s skin. Acrid leucorrhea, thick, slimy. Wedge-like ovarian pain.

Sluggish vital reaction, hence, chronicity in many of its aspects. Acute catarrh of all mucous membranes, rapid emaciation, notwithstanding good appetite, and glandular atrophy, in numerous wasting diseases and in scrofulous patients. Acute affections of the respiratory organs. Pneumonia, rapid extension. Weakness and loss of breath. Adenoid vegetations. Pain at root of nose and frontal sinus. Nose stopped up. Tendency to ulceration. Loss of smell. Acute nasal engorgement associated with high blood pressure.

Joints inflamed and painful. Pain in bones. White swelling. Gonorrheal rheumatism. Rheumatism of nape and upper extremities. Cold hands and feet. Acrid sweat of feet. Pulsation in large arterial trunks. Rheumatic pains, nightly pains in joints; constrictive sensations. Skin hot, dry, yellow and withered. Glands enlarged. Nodosities. Anasarca of cardiac disease.

Arsenicum Iodatum

Persistently irritating, corrosive discharges. The discharge irritates the membrane from which it flows and over which it flows, discharge may be fetid, watery. Mucous membrane always red, angry, swollen; itches and burns. Swelling of tissues within the nose. Hypertrophied eustachian tube and deafness. Senile heart, myocarditis and fatty degeneration. Chronic aortitis. Epithelioma of the lip. Cancer of breast after ulceration has set in.

Early stages of tuberculosis, even though there is an afternoon rise in temperature. Profound prostration, rapid, irritable pulse, recurring fever and sweats, emaciation; tendency to diarrhea. Chronic pneumonia, with abscess in lung. Hectic; debility; night sweats. Swollen nose; profuse, thick, yellow discharge; ulcers; membrane sore and excoriated. Dry, scaly, itching. Marked exfoliation of skin in large scales, leaving a raw exuding surface beneath. Ichthyosis. Enlarged scrofulous glands. Venereal bubo. Debilitating night-sweats. Eczema watery, oozing, itching. Emaciation. Psoriasis. Acne hard, shotty, indurated base with pustule at apex.

Phthisis with hoarse, racking cough and profuse expectoration of a purulent nature, and attended with cardiac weakness, emaciation and general debility. Amenorrhea, with anemic palpitation and dyspnea. Arteriosclerosis, myocardial degeneration and senile heart. Threatened pyemia (sepsis that leads to widespread abscesses of a metastatic nature).

Calcarea Carb

Incipient phthisis. It covers the tickling cough, fleeting chest pains, nausea, acidity. Impaired nutrition, extreme dyspnea. Painless hoarseness. Fever with sweat. Pulse full and frequent. Chilliness and heat. Partial sweats. Night sweats, especially on head, neck and chest. Skin unhealthy; readily ulcerating; flaccid. Small wounds do not heal readily. Glands swollen. the glands, skin, and bones, being instrumental in the changes wrought. Incipient phthisis. Pituitary and thyroid disfunction. Rheumatism. Curvature of dorsal vertebrae. Swelling of joints. Burning soles. Arthritic nodosities. Old sprains. Tearing in muscles.

Swelling of lips. Crusta lactea (cradle cap); itching, burning after washing. Submaxillary glands swollen. Goiter. Itching of pimples. Pain from right mental foramen along lower jaw to ear. Persistent sour mouth taste. Bleeding of gums. Offensive smell from mouth. Burning pain at tip of tongue. Swelling of tonsils and submaxillary glands. Goiter. Parotid fistula. Skin unhealthy; readily ulcerating; flaccid. Small wounds do not heal readily. Glands swollen. Nettle rash. Warts on face and hands. Petechial eruptions. Chilblains. Boils.

Drosera Rotundifolia

Stiffness at the nape of the neck, with pains. Bruise-like pains in the back. Twitching in shoulder, only when at rest. Pains in the joints (arms and hands). Cramp and stiffening of the fingers, on grasping an object. Nocturnal pains in the bones of the arm, going off during motion in the day. Paralytic pains in the coxofemoral joint, and in the thighs. Incisive shootings in the legs. Violent stitch in the os ischium (pelvic bones). Tearing in the joints, as if they were dislocated. Stiffness in the joints. Cold sweat in the feet, which are constantly cold.

Rapid emaciation. Gnawing shootings in the cavities of the bones, exceedingly violent, with violent shootings in the joints, during repose, rather than during movement. Shooting and painful pressure in the muscles (of the limbs), mitigated in no position. Pains as from a bruise, excessively distressing sensitiveness, paralytic weakness in all the limbs.

The majority of the sufferings appear at night and in the morning, in a warm atmosphere, and during repose. Gnawing-stinging in the long bones; worse during rest. Violent itching while undressing; when scratching, the skin readily peels off. Black pores on chest and shoulder. Shuddering over the whole body, with heat of the face, icy coldness of the hands and absence of thirst, or shivering with coldness and paleness of the hands, the feet, and the face. Pains about hip joint. Tubercular glands.

Kali Carbonicum

All Kali pains are sharp and cutting, nearly all better by motion. But Never advise any potassium salt when there is temperature.

Fleshy aged people, with dropsical and paretic tendencies. Sweat, backache, and weakness. Throbbing pains. Tendency to dropsy. Tubercular diathesis. Crusty nasal openings. Nosebleed on washing face in morning. Ulcerated nostrils. Pyorrhea.

Palpitation and burning in heart region. Weak, rapid pulse; intermits, due to digestive disturbance. Threatened heart failure. Great exhaustion. Stitches in region of kidneys and right scapula. Small of back feels weak. Stiffness and paralytic feeling in back. Burning in spine. Severe backache. Lumbago with sudden sharp pains extending up and down back and to thighs. Hip-disease. Pain in nates and thighs and hip joint.

Extremities, backs and legs give out. Uneasiness heaviness and tearing in limbs and jerking. Tearing pain in limbs with swelling. Limbs sensitive to pressure. White swelling of knee. Tearing in arms from shoulder to wrist. Lacerating in wrist joint. Paralysis and dropsical affections. Limbs go to sleep easily. Tips of toes and fingers painful. Soles very sensitive. Itching of knee pain. Pain from hip to knee. Pain in knees. Skin burning (as from a mustard plaster).

Syphilinum

When Tuberculinum fails Syphilinum often follows advantageously, producing a reaction. Diseased cartilages of larynx. Utter prostration and debility in the morning (morning sickness). Shifting rheumatic pains. Chronic eruptions and rheumatism. Ichthyosis. Syphilitic affections. Ulceration of mouth, nose, genitals, skin. Succession of abscesses.

Pain in bones of head. Stupefying cephalalgia. Chronic, recurrent, phlyctenule inflammation of cornea; successive crops of phlyctenule and abrasions of epithelial layer of cornea; photophobia intense, lachrymation profuse. Lids swollen; pain intense at night; ptosis. Tubercular iritis. Diplopia; one image seen below the other. Caries of ossicles in ear of syphilitic origin.

Caries of nasal bones, hard palate and septum, with perforation; ozaena. Teeth decay at gum; edges serrated, dwarfed. Tongue coated, teeth-indented, deep longitudinal cracks. Ulcers smart and burn. Excessive flow of saliva; it runs out of mouth when sleeping. Rectal strictures. Fissures, prolapse.

Rheumatism of shoulder-joint, at insertion of deltoid. Severe pain in long bones. Redness and rawness between toes. Rheumatism, muscles are caked in hard knot or lumps. Always washing the hands. Indolent ulcers. Muscles contracted in hard knots.

Ulcers on labia. Leucorrhea profuse, thin, watery, acrid, with sharp, knife-pain in ovaries. Skin reddish-brown eruption, with a disagreeable odor. Extreme emaciation.

Sanguinaria Canadensis

Edema of larynx. Trachea sore. Heat and tension behind the sternum. Aphonia. Cough of gastric origin. Cough, with burning pain in chest. Sputum tough, rust-colored, offensive, almost impossible to raise. Spasmodic cough after influenza and after whooping-cough. Tickling behind sternum, causes a constant hacking cough. Burning soreness chest, through the shoulder. Hemoptysis. Severe dyspnea and constriction of chest. Offensive breath and purulent expectoration. Burning in chest. Fibroid phthisis. Pneumonia. Asthma with stomach disorders. Valvular disease with lung development, phosphates in urine and loss of flesh. Sudden stoppage of catarrh of air passages brings on diarrhea.

Burning, vomiting. Nausea, with salivation. Sinking, faint all-gone feeling (Phos; Sep). Spitting up of bile; gastro-duodenal catarrh. Diarrhea as coryza improves. Pain over region of liver. Diarrhea; bilious, liquid, gushing stool. Cancer of rectum.

Silicea Tera

Imperfect assimilation and consequent defective nutrition. It goes further and produces neurasthenic states in consequence, and increased susceptibility to nervous stimuli and exaggerated reflexes. Diseases of bones, caries and necrosis. Silica can stimulate the organism to re-absorb fibrotic conditions and scar-tissue. Stitches in chest through to back. Weak spine; very susceptible to draughts on back. Pain in coccyx. Spinal irritation after injuries to spine; diseases of bones of spine. Potts’ disease. Inguinal glands swollen and painful. Hepatic abscess. Boils on gums. Abscess at root of teeth. Pyorrhea. Caries of mastoid.

Paralytic weakness of forearm. Affections of fingernails. Panaritium. Pain in knee. Calves tense and contract. Pain beneath toes. Soles sore. Soreness in feet from instep through to the sole. Suppurates. Abscesses, boils, old fistulous ulcers. Cracks at end of fingers. Painless swelling of glands. Rose-colored blotches. Scars suddenly become painful. Pus offensive. Every little injury suppurates. Long lasting suppuration and fistulous tracts. Dry fingertips. Crippled nails. Indurated tumors. Abscesses of joints. After impure vaccination. Bursa. Lepra, nodes, and coppery spots. Keloid growths.

complications of leprosy

The complications of leprosy depend on how quickly medical professionals diagnose and effectively treat the disease. Very few complications occur if physicians treat the disease early enough or in case of late diagnosis, with Homeopathy.

The following is a list of complications that can occur when diagnosis and treatment are either delayed or started late in the disease process:

• Sensory loss,
• Permanent nerve damage,
• Muscle weakness,
• Progressive disfigurement (for example, eyebrows lost, disfigurement of the toes, fingers, and nose).

In addition, sensory loss causes people to injure body parts without the individual being aware that there is an injury. This can lead to additional problems such as infections and poor wound healing.

PS: This article is only for doctors having good knowledge about Homeopathy and allopathy, for learning purpose(s).

For proper consultation and treatment, please visit our clinic.

Location, address and contact numbers are given below.

None of above-mentioned medicine(s) is/are not the full/complete treatment but just hints for treatment; every patient has his own constitutional medicine along with these mentioned above.

Dr. Sayyad Qaisar Ahmed (MD {Ukraine}, DHMS); X-senior research officer Dnepropetrovsk state medical academy Ukraine; is a leading Homeopathic physician practicing in Al-Haytham clinic, Umer Farooq Chowk Risalpur Sadder (0923631023, 03119884588), K.P.K, Pakistan.

Find more about Dr. Sayyad Qaisar Ahmed at :

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