Lymphoma is a broad term for cancer that begins in cells of the lymph system. The two main types are Hodgkin lymphoma and non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL). Hodgkin lymphoma can often be cured.

Hodgkin lymphoma (the only allopathically curable form of cancer) has characteristics that distinguish it from other diseases classified as lymphoma, including the presence of Reed-Sternberg cells. These cancerous cells found in Hodgkin lymphoma tissues. Hodgkin lymphoma results from a change to the DNA of a lymphocyte, if untreated, results in the uncontrolled growth of cancerous lymphocytes (crowd out normal white cells).

Lymphoma cells grow and form masses, usually in the lymph nodes, located throughout the body and where lymphoid tissue is found.

Hodgkin cells are larger than normal lymphocytes but smaller than Reed-Sternberg cells.

Hodgkin lymphoma has two main subtypes:

• Classical Hodgkin lymphoma: characterized by the presence of both Hodgkin and Reed-Sternberg cells.
• Nodular lymphocyte-predominant Hodgkin lymphoma: characterized by the presence of lymphocyte-predominant cells, sometimes termed “popcorn cells,” which are a variant of Reed-Sternberg cells.

Nodular lymphocyte-predominant Hodgkin lymphoma is characterized by the presence of lymphocyte-predominant cells, sometimes termed “popcorn cells,” which are a variant of Reed-Sternberg cells.

Classical Hodgkin Lymphoma

About 95 percent of patients with Hodgkin lymphoma have classical Hodgkin lymphoma. This subtype is further divided into four distinct subtypes shown in the table below.

Classical Hodgkin Lymphoma Subtypes

Nodular Lymphocyte-Predominant Hodgkin Lymphoma

Nodular lymphocyte-predominant Hodgkin lymphoma (NLPHL) affects about 5 percent of Hodgkin lymphoma patients.

Characteristics of NLPHL:

• Most common in 30- 50-year-old age group.
• More common in males.
• Slow growing and can relapse many years later.
• Highly curable.
• Small risk of transformation to aggressive non-Hodgkin lymphoma (7 percent of cases).

Physical examinations, imaging tests, blood tests and bone marrow tests determine the extent of the disease.  This determination is called “staging.”  Staging provides information for treatment planning.

Staging for Hodgkin lymphoma is based on the Lugano classification, which is derived from the Ann Arbor staging system.

Hodgkin Lymphoma Stages

Categories

In addition to the stage number, the letters A, B, E or S may be used to further classify the stage of HL.

• Category A: The patient does not have B symptoms (fever, weight loss or night sweats).
• Category B: The patient has B symptoms.
• Category E: The patient has HL cells in organs or tissues outside the lymphatic system.
• Category S:The patient has HL cells in the spleen.

For example, stage IIB would indicate that the patient has:

• Involvement of two lymph node sites near each other (for example, enlarged lymph nodes in the neck and collarbone area or in the neck and the armpit).
• Fever, excessive sweating and/or weight loss.

Patients in the B category sometimes require more aggressive treatments.

Risk Factors

The exact cause is different types of fungal infections, said Dr Qaisar Ahmed; the following risk factors may increase a person’s likelihood of developing Hodgkin lymphoma:

• Past Epstein-Barr virus infection: The Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), known for causing mononucleosis, is associated with the development of some types of cancer, including Hodgkin lymphoma. Infection with EBV in early childhood or having “mono” in the teenage years increases the risk of developing Hodgkin lymphoma.
• Age: Hodgkin lymphoma is most common in adolescents and young adults (15-29) and older adults (75-79).
• Sex: More common in males.
• Family history: Having a parent or sibling with Hodgkin lymphoma may increase the risk.
• Weakened immune system: Infected with HIV, and people who take allopathic medicines to suppress the immune system and people with autoimmune disease are at a higher risk.

Hodgkin lymphoma is not contagious.

Symptoms

The most common symptom of Hodgkin lymphoma is one or more enlarged (swollen) lymph nodes, usually painless (in the neck, upper chest, armpit, abdomen or groin etc).

Other signs and symptoms of Hodgkin lymphoma: –

• Drenching night sweats.
• Unexplained weight loss.
• Unexplained fever.
• Persistent fatigue.
• Persistent cough and shortness of breath (enlarged lymph nodes in the chest).
• Itchy skin, especially after bathing or alcohol intake.
• Decreased appetite.
• Enlarged spleen.
• Occasional pain in lymph nodes after carbonated drinks and alcohol.

B- symptoms – Fever, drenching night sweats and loss of more than 10 percent of body weight over six months are sometimes termed “B symptoms.”  These symptoms are significant to the prognosis and staging of the disease.

Diagnosis Hodgkin lymphoma

Physical examination will include measurement of all accessible lymph node groups (neck, underarms and groin) as well as the size of palpable organs (spleen and liver etc).

Lymph Node Biopsy

The preferred biopsy is called an “excisional biopsy,” in which the whole lymph node is typically removed (excised). If the lymph node is just under the skin, the biopsy procedure is usually be done with local anesthesia. If the lymph node is inside the chest or abdomen (stomach area), give your patient general anesthesia.

Immunophenotyping

This test can detect specific cancer cells (types of leukemia and lymphoma) based on the types of antigens or proteins on the surface of the cells.

Next Generation Sequencing and Liquid Biopsies

Next generation sequencing (NGS) tests can rapidly examine stretches of DNA or RNA. It can detect mutations and other genetic abnormalities in DNA. Due to the low abundance of Reed-Sternberg cells, performing genetic analysis from tumor samples in Hodgkin lymphoma can be difficult.

Staging Tests

Staging identifies the extent and location in the body.

Staging tests include:

• Imaging tests (to locate and distribution of large lymph nodes).
• Blood tests (CBC to number the red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets, low number indicates presence of lymphoma in blood or bone merrow; ESR, Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH-A high level of LDH in the blood is a sign of cell damage, Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and hepatitis B testing.
• Bone marrow tests (may be eliminated by the use of a PET scan to assess the disease).

Imaging tests may include:

• Chest X-ray.
• CT (computed tomography) scan of the neck, chest, pelvis and abdomen (stomach area).
• PET-CT scan (positron emission tomography-computed tomography) scan, a combination PET and CT scan, of the entire body with a radioactive tracer. This is also referred to as an “FDG-PET scan” (fluorodeoxyglucose [FDG] positron emission tomography [PET]).
• MRI (magnetic resonance imaging), in select cases.

Heart and Lung Tests

Allopathic treatments may weaken or damage the heart and lungs. That’s why test these organs before treatment.

Pregnancy Test

All allopathic cancer treatments can harm fetus, so a pregnancy test may be required for women of reproductive age before starting treatments.

Non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL)

Non-Hodgkin lymphoma is a type of cancer, generally develops in the lymph nodes and lymphatic tissue (such as the stomach, intestines or skin). In some cases, NHL involves bone marrow and blood.

Non-Hodgkin lymphoma represents a diverse group (group of blood cancers that all arise from lymphocytes – white blood cells that are part of the immune system) of diseases distinguished by the characteristics of the cancer cells associated with each disease type. Lymphoma cells may develop in just one place or in many sites in the body. Non-Hodgkin lymphoma has many different subtypes which are either indolent (slow growing) or aggressive (fast-growing).

Most patients with non-Hodgkin lymphoma have a B-cell type of NHL (about 85 percent). The others have a T-cell type or an NK-cell type of lymphoma.

Types

Non-Hodgkin lymphoma that develops in or spreads to other areas of the body where lymphoid tissue is found, such as the spleen, digestive tract and bone marrow, is called primary extranidal lymphoma.

Non-Hodgkin lymphoma is classified into more than 60 different subtypes. Doctors classify the non-Hodgkin lymphoma subtypes into categories that describe how rapidly or slowly the disease is progressing:

• Aggressive (fast-growing) NHL.
• Indolent (slow growing) NHL.

Symptoms of non-Hodgkin lymphoma

There are about 600 lymph nodes, the most common early sign of NHL is painless swelling of one or more lymph node(s) (in the neck, armpit or groin, less often near the ears, the elbow or in the throat near the tonsils).

Occasionally, the disease starts in a site other than the lymph nodes, such as a bone, a lung, the gastrointestinal tract or the skin. In these circumstances, symptoms are associated with that specific site.

Common symptoms are:

• Painless swelling in one or more lymph node(s).
• Unexplained fever.
• Drenching night sweats.
• Persistent fatigue.
• Loss of appetite.
• Unexplained weight loss.
• Cough or chest pain.
• Abdominal pain.
• Enlarged spleen and/or liver.
• Itchy skin.
• Rashes or skin lumps.

Some patients have no symptoms, and the disease may only be discovered during a routine medical examination.

B Symptoms

The term “B symptoms” is used to refer to fever, drenching night sweats and loss of more than 10 percent of body weight over 6 months. B symptoms are significant to the prognosis and staging of the disease. Other NHL symptoms, such as itching and fatigue, do not have the same prognostic importance as B symptoms and are not considered to be B symptoms.

Lymph Node Biopsy

An incisional biopsy of an involved lymph node or other tumor is needed to confirm the non-Hodgkin lymphoma diagnosis and subtype, or sometimes an excisional biopsy (an entire lymph node is removed).

When lymphoma is detected exclusively outside of the lymph nodes (primary extra nodal lymphoma) the biopsy specimen will be taken from that involved tissue.

Additional Tests include:

• Immunophenotyping.
• Flow cytometry.
• Cytogenetic analysis.
• Gene expression profiling and microarray analysis.

Imaging Tests

Also called diagnostic radiology, to evaluate:

• The location and distribution of lymph node enlargement.
• Whether organs other are involved.
• If there are very large masses of tumors in one site or another.

Imaging tests include:

• Chest x-rays.
• CT (computed tomography) scan.
• Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).
• Positron emission tomography-computed tomography (PET-CT) scans.

Blood Tests

Blood tests are used to determine whether lymphoma cells are present in the blood; check for indicators of disease severity by examining blood protein levels; assess kidney and liver functions.

Blood tests include:

• Complete blood count (CBC) – counts of red blood cells, white blood cells and platelets.
• Comprehensive metabolic panel – This test often includes tests for up to 14 chemicals that come from the liver, bone and other organs.
• Beta2microglobulin – High levels of this protein may be an indication for urgent treatment.
• Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) – High LDH level may be a sign that treatment is needed.
• Hepatitis testing – The presence of hepatitis B or C can be important considerations when treating certain types of lymphoma. Hepatitis B can become active again due to cancer or some of its treatments. Hepatitis C may diminish the effectiveness of therapy.
• Uric acid testing – An increased level of uric acid can lead to tumor lysis syndrome (TLS).
• Antibody testing – Depending on the type of NHL, patients may have either low levels of antibodies or very high amounts of tumor-specific antibodies.

Bone Marrow Biopsy

Bone marrow biopsy to make sure there is no spread of the disease to the bone marrow.

Heart Tests

All allopathic cancer treatments can damage the heart. So, determine how well a patient’s heart functions before starting treatment.

An Arbor Staging System for NHL

• Stage I 
  • I: Involvement of one lymph node region (for example, the tonsils).
  • IE: Involvement of one organ or area outside the lymph nodes.
• Stage II 
  • II: Involvement of two or more lymph node regions and both are either above or below the diaphragm.
  • IIE: Involvement of one or more lymph node groups either above or below the diaphragm and outside the lymph nodes in an organ or area on the same side of the diaphragm as the affected lymph nodes.
  • II Bulky: Involvement of multiple lymph node regions on same side of the diaphragm with “bulky disease”.
• Stage III 
  • III: Involvement of lymph node regions above and below the diaphragm (for example, neck, chest and abdomen).
  • IIIE: Involvement of lymph node groups above and below the diaphragm and outside of the lymph nodes in a nearby organ or area.
  • IIIS: Involvement of lymph node groups above and below the diaphragm and in the spleen.
  • IIIE+S: Involvement of lymph node groups above and below the diaphragm, outside the lymph nodes in a nearby organ or area, and in the spleen.
• Stage IV
  • Involvement of one of more organs that area not part of a lymphatic area and in lymph nodes near those organs.
    OR
  • Involvement of one organ that is not part of a lymphatic area and of organs or lymph nodes far away from that organ.
    OR
  • Involvement of the liver, bone marrow, cerebrospinal fluid or lungs.

Categories

• E— “E” stands for extra nodal. It means the lymphoma extends to an area or organ beyond the lymphatic system.
• S— “S” stands for spleen, and it means the lymphoma is found in this organ.
• X— “X” indicates “bulky disease.” This is a nodal mass whose greatest size is usually more than 10 cm or more than one third of the chest diameter by x-ray.

Lugano Modification of Ann Arbor Staging Sytems (for primary nodal lymphomas)

More than 60 specific NHL subtypes have been identified and assigned. Specialists further characterize the NHL subtypes according to how the disease progresses:

• Aggressive lymphomas are fast-moving and account for about 60 percent of all NHL cases. Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) is the most common aggressive NHL subtype.
• Indolent lymphomas (40% of all NHL cases) are slow-moving, tend to grow slowly and have fewer signs and symptoms when first diagnosed. FL is the most common subtype of indolent NHL.

The treatments for aggressive and indolent lymphomas are different.  When a patient’s rate of disease progression is between indolent and aggressive, he or she is considered to have “intermediate grade” disease. Some cases of indolent NHL can transform into aggressive NHL.

Diagnosis Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma (NHL): Subtypes

Diagnostic designations of NHL subtypes, categorized by cell type (B cell, T cell or NK cell) and rate of progression (aggressive or indolent). The percentages listed reflect the frequency of diagnosed cases of the most common NHL subtypes.

Mature B-cell lymphomas (about 85%-90% of NHL cases)

Aggressive:

• Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) (30%).
• Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) (3%)—has features of both indolent and aggressive NHL.
• Lymphoblastic lymphoma (2%).
• Burkitt lymphoma (BL) (2%).
• Primary mediastinal (thymic) large B-cell lymphoma (PMBCL).
• Transformed follicular and transformed mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) lymphomas.
• High-grade B-cell lymphoma with double or triple hits (HBL).
• Primary cutaneous DLBCL, leg type.
• Primary DLBCL of the central nervous system.
• Primary central nervous system (CNS) lymphoma.
• Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS)-associated lymphoma.

Indolent

• Follicular lymphoma (FL) (22%).
• Marginal zone lymphoma (MZL) (7%).
• Chronic lymphocytic leukemia/small-cell lymphocytic lymphoma (CLL/SLL) (7%).
• Gastric mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) lymphoma (8%).
• Lymphoplasmacytic lymphoma (1%).
• Walden Strom macroglobulinemia (WM).
• Nodal marginal zone lymphoma (NMZL) (1%).
• Splenic marginal zone lymphoma (SMZL).

Mature T-cell and natural killer (NK)-cell lymphomas (about 10%-15% of NHL cases)

Systemic:

• Peripheral T-cell lymphoma not otherwise specified (PTCL-NOS) (6%).
• Systemic anaplastic large-cell lymphoma (ALCL) (2%).
• Lymphoblastic lymphoma (2%).
• Hepatosplenic T-cell lymphoma.
• Enteropathy-associated intestinal T-cell lymphoma
  • Monomorphic epitheliotropic intestinal T-cell lymphoma.
• Angioimmunoblastic T-cell lymphoma (AITL).
• Adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma.
• Extranidal natural killer (NK)/T-cell lymphoma (ENK/TCL), nasal type.

Primary cutaneous

• Cutaneous T-cell lymphoma (CTCL) (4%)
  • Mycosis fungoides (MF).
  • Sezary syndrome (SS).
• Primary cutaneous anaplastic large-cell lymphoma (pcALCL).
• Subcutaneous panniculitis-like T-cell lymphoma (SPTCL)
  • Primary cutaneous gamma delta T-cell lymphoma.

Aggressive non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) progresses rapidly. Aggressive subtypes include:

• AIDS-associated lymphoma.
• Burkitt lymphoma.
• Central nervous system (CNS) lymphoma.
• Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL).
• ​Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL).
• Peripheral T-cell lymphoma (PTCL).
• T-cell lymphoblastic (T-LBL).

Patients with fast-growing NHL are frequently treated with chemotherapy that consists of four or more drugs. In most cases, this is the combination therapy called R-CHOP (rituximab, cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, and prednisone). This intensive, multidrug chemotherapy can be very effective for aggressive lymphoma, and cures have been achieved. Chemotherapy can be supplemented by radiation therapy in select cases, for instance, when large NHL masses are found during the diagnostic and staging process.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) -Associated Lymphoma

The types of NHL that are most often seen in patients with acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) are diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL), Burkitt lymphoma and primary central nervous system (CNS) lymphoma.

Allopathic treatment outcomes depend on responds to therapy and effects of chemotherapy on blood counts. Because AIDS already leads to low blood cell counts, chemotherapy’s additional effects on blood levels can be managed.

Burkitt Lymphoma

This aggressive B-cell subtype grows and spreads very quickly. It may involve the jaw, bones of the face, bowel, kidneys, ovaries, bone marrow, blood, central nervous system (CNS) and other organs. Burkitt lymphoma may spread to the brain and spinal cord.

Allopathic doctors typically use highly aggressive chemotherapy to treat this subtype of NHL. Commonly used regimens include:

• CODOX-M/IVAC (cyclophosphamide, vincristine, doxorubicin and high-dose methotrexate) alternating with IVAC (ifosfamide, etoposide and high dose cytarabine).
• Hyper-CVAD (hyper fractionated cyclophosphamide, vincristine, doxorubicin and dexamethasone) alternating with methotrexate and cytarabine). In small studies, rituximab was used in combination with hyper-CVAD.
• DA-EPOCH-R (dose-adjusted etoposide, prednisone, vincristine, cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin plus rituximab).

Central Nervous System (CNS) Lymphoma

Primary CNS lymphoma forms in the brain and/or the spinal cord. It is often a feature of AIDS-associated lymphoma, but most patients do not have a clear predisposing cause. Secondary CNS lymphoma develops when a lymphoma already presents in other parts of the body spreads to the brain and/or the spinal cord. Patients with highly aggressive lymphomas are at a higher risk of disease relapse with CNS involvement. First-line allopathic treatment for these types of lymphoma may include chemotherapy administered directly into the spinal fluid.

Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma

Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) is the most common NHL subtype (31%). It grows rapidly in the lymph nodes, frequently involves the spleen, liver, bone marrow etc. Usually, DLBCL development starts in lymph nodes in the neck or abdomen and is characterized by masses of large B cells. In addition, patients with DLBCL often experience B symptoms (fever, night sweats and loss of more than 10 percent of body weight over 6 months).

​Allopathic treatments include:

• R-CHOP (rituximab, cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin hydroxy doxorubicin, vincristine and prednisone).
• Dose adjusted EPOCH-RR, (Ose-adjusted etoposide, prednisone, vincristine [Oncovin®], cyclophosphamide, hydroxy doxorubicin [doxorubicin] plus rituximab.
• Rituximab and hyaluronidase human.

Mantle Cell Lymphoma (MCL)

Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) originates from a lymphocyte in the mantle zone of the lymph node. It begins in the lymph nodes and spreads to the spleen, blood, bone marrow and sometimes the esophagus, stomach and intestines.

The standard allopathic treatment is a combination chemotherapy regimen, either with or without an autologous stem cell transplant. Common treatment regimens include bendamustine plus rituximab; a form of CHOP in which bortezomib is used instead of vincristine; and various regimens including high dose cytarabine.

The following agents are indicated for relapsed and refractory MCL: achydroxy doxorubicinenc, orally; bortezomib by IV or subcutaneous; ibrutinib (Imbruvica, orally; zanubrutinib orally; lenalidomide (Revlimid®), orally; and brexucabtagene autoleucel, given by IV.

Allogeneic transplantation with a standard or reduced-intensity conditioning regimen may be considered for patients with relapsed and refractory MCL who achieve remission following second-line therapy.

Peripheral T-Cell Lymphoma

Peripheral T-cell lymphomas (PTCLs) are a group of rare and often fast-growing non-Hodgkin lymphomas that develop from mature T cells and natural killer (NK) cells (almost 10% of non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma).

Some subtypes include:

• Peripheral T-cell lymphoma not otherwise specified (PTCL NOS)—The most common subtype of PTCL (30% of PTCL cases), often appears in the lymph nodes, but it can also affect the liver, bone marrow, gastrointestinal tract and the skin.
• Anaplastic large-cell lymphoma (ALCL)— About 12% of PTCL cases, appear throughout the body (systemic), or a specific variant called primary cutaneous ALCL that mainly or only affects the skin, known as Primary Cutaneous Anaplastic Large Cell Lymphoma (pcALCL).
• Angioimmunoblastic T-cell lymphoma (AITL)—Most common types. It is associated with B cells infected with the Epstein-Barr virus.
• Extra nodal natural killer/T-cell lymphoma (ENK/TCL)—An uncommon type of lymphoma that can occur in the nasal sinuses or in other parts of the body.
• Adult T-Cell Leukemia/ Lymphoma (ATLL)—A rare and aggressive type of PTCL that is associated with the human T-cell lymphotropic virus-1 (HTLV-1).
• Enteropathy-associated T-cell lymphoma (EATL)—This T-cell lymphoma frequently develops in the small bowel of patients with untreated celiac disease.
• Monomorphic Epitheliotropic Intestinal T-cell Lymphoma (MEITL)—Lymphoma of the gastrointestinal tract that is NOT associated with celiac disease.
• Hepatosplenic T-cell lymphoma (HSTCL).
• Subcutaneous Panniculitis-like T-cell Lymphoma (SPTCL)— A very rare form of skin lymphoma that occurs primarily in the subcutaneous fat tissue, where it causes nodules to form.
• Primary Cutaneous gamma/delta T-cell lymphoma (PCGDTCL)—A very rare and aggressive skin lymphoma.

Allopathic treatment for T-Cell Lymphoblastic Lymphoma

Patients with this diagnosis are treated in the same way as patients with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL).

Indolent non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) subtypes progress slowly.

Indolent subtypes include:

• Cutaneous T-cell lymphoma (mycosis fungoides and Sezary syndrome).
• Follicular lymphoma (FL).
• Lymphoplasmacytic lymphoma and Wald Enstrom macroglobulinemia.
• Marginal zone lymphoma.
• Small cell lymphocytic lymphoma (SLL) and chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL).

Cutaneous T-Cell Lymphoma (Mycosis Fungoides and Sezary Syndrome)

Cutaneous T-cell lymphomas (CTCLs) are a group of NHLs that develop primarily in the skin and may grow to involve lymph nodes, blood and other organs. This type of lymphoma originates in a T-cell. Mycosis fungoides is the most common type of CTCL and is characterized by prominent skin involvement. When the malignant lymphocytes enter and accumulate in the blood, the disease is called Sezary syndrome.

Allopathic therapy for CTCL depends on the nature of the skin lesions and whether disease is present in the lymph nodes.

Topical allopathic therapies include drugs applied directly to the skin, and two different forms of therapy based on exposing skin lesions ultraviolet light therapy and electron beam therapy. Ultraviolet light is used in conjunction with psoralen (a drug that becomes active when it is exposed to light); the combination therapy is often referred to as “PUVA” (psoralen and ultraviolet A) therapy.

If there is widespread involvement of lymph nodes and other areas, chemotherapy or extracorporeal photopheresis can be used. Photopheresis is a process in which white blood cells are removed by apheresis, treated with psoralen, exposed to ultraviolet A light and then returned to the patient’s bloodstream.

Two histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors, romidepsin, given by IV infusion and vorinostat, orally, as well as one monoclonal antibody, mogamulizumab, given by IV, are indicated for the treatment of adult patients with either relapsed or refractory disease who have received previous systemic therapy.

Follicular lymphoma (FL)

Follicular lymphoma (FL) – second most common subtype of non-Hodgkin lymphoma (about 22 percent of all NHL cases). Most follicular lymphoma cells have a specific chromosomal abnormality (a translocation between parts of chromosomes 14 and 18) that causes the production (overexpression) of the gene, BCL-2, which can make the cells resistant to therapy.

FL is a very slow-growing disease but may transform into a more aggressive disease.

Allopathic treatment:

Stage I or stage II FL may be treated with:

• Watch-and-wait – patients with less advanced disease can be observed with periodic examinations and imaging tests.
• Radiation therapy.
• Chemotherapy with rituximab.

For patients with stage II FL having large lymph nodes, stage III or stage IV FL or advanced stage relapsed FL, treatment will be based on symptoms, the patient’s age and health status and the extent of disease.

Other treatment options include:

• The watch-and-wait approach.
• Radiation therapy to lymph nodes that are causing symptoms, or to a large, localized mass, if one is present.
• Chemotherapy plus immunotherapy (rituximab)
  • Single chemotherapy drugs in combination with rituximab. Examples of drugs used for treatment include cyclophosphamide, chlorambucil or bendamustine hydrochloride.
  • Chemotherapy combinations plus rituximab, such as R-CVP (rituximab plus cyclophosphamide, hydroxydoxorubicin [doxorubicin], vincristine and prednisone) or R-CHOP (rituximab plus cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin [hydroxydoxorubicin], [vincristine] and prednisone).
  • Maintenance rituximab after completion of initial therapy with either rituximab alone or rituximab in combination with chemotherapy. This involves a single dose of rituximab administered on a prescribed schedule (generally every 2 to 3 months). The Rituximab maintenance may be continued for 2 years.
• Autologous and allogeneic stem cell transplantation for selected patients.

Targeted therapy, using kinase inhibitors:

• Copanlisib.
• Duvelisib.

Lenalidomide:

• • Yttrium-90+ibritumomab tiuxetan.
  • Obinutuzumab.
  • Rituximab and the endoglycosidase hyaluronidase human.

Tazemetostat.

Transformed B-Cell Follicular Lymphoma (FL). Follicular lymphoma has a small risk of transforming into an aggressive large B-cell lymphoma, such as DLBCL.

Other options include:

• Axicabtagene ciloleucel.
• Tisagenlecleucel.

Reduced-intensity transplantation, within a clinical trial, may also be considered in cases of FL transformation.

The Follicular Lymphoma International Prognostic Index (FLIPI)

The FLIPI is a scoring system used to predict which patients with follicular lymphoma may be at higher risk for disease recurrence. One point is assigned for each of the following risk factors (known by the acronym NoLASH):

• Nodes involved—5 or more.
• Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) level—higher than the upper limit of normal.
• Age older than 60 years.
• Stage III or stage IV disease.
• Hemoglobin concentration—less than 12 g/dL.

Low risk:  0 to 1 point.
Intermediate risk: 2 points.
High risk: 3 to 5 points.

Lymphoplasmacytic Lymphoma and Wald Enstrom Macroglobulinemia

Lymphoplasmacytic lymphoma and Walden Strom macroglobulinemia are both slow-growing types of lymphoma that originate in a B-lymphocyte precursor. Walden Strom macroglobulinemia is a type of lymphoplasmacytic lymphoma.

In lymphoplasmacytic lymphoma, the lymph nodes are more involved than they are in WM. Both disorders show malignant lymphoplasmacytic cells in the marrow and spleen.

Patients may experience increased blood viscosity (thickening of the blood), inadequate blood flow, and symptoms and signs of limited blood flow (eg, headache, visual blurring, mental confusion). This is referred to as hyper viscosity syndrome” which may require urgent intervention. Hyper viscosity syndrome can be treated by plasmapheresis (a process in which plasma is separated from whole blood and the rest is returned to the patient). Plasmapheresis can reverse acute symptoms and signs, but long-term control requires a reduction in the mass of lymphoma cells that make the protein.

One option for patients without symptoms of WM is to take a watch-and-wait approach. Active treatment begins for these patients only if symptoms develop. Progressive disease may also involve the lungs, the gastrointestinal (GI) tract and other organs.

Several different therapies are effective against WM, but no single or combination standard treatment is used for all patients. Patients are advised to discuss with their doctors the most appropriate treatment for their situation. Specific treatments include drug therapy, combinations of drugs, stem cell transplantation, and involvement in clinical trials.

Marginal Zone Lymphoma (MZL)

This indolent B-cell lymphoma subtype may be extranodal (disease outside of the lymph nodes) or nodal (disease within the lymph nodes). It begins in B lymphocytes in a part of the lymph tissue called the “marginal zone.” The disease tends to remain localized.

There are several subtypes of MZL, each categorized by the type of tissue where the lymphoma forms.

• Gastric mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) lymphoma usually develops in the stomach. Patients with MALT lymphoma may have a history of an autoimmune disease such as Hashimoto thyroiditis or Sjögren syndrome. A higher incidence of MALT lymphoma involving the stomach is seen in patients who have been infected with the bacterium pylori. Bacteria have also been implicated in other forms of MALT lymphoma. Treatment often includes potent combinations of antibiotics, which both eradicate the H. pylori infection and cause the lymphoma to regress. Many patients with H. pylori have been cured of MALT lymphoma without radiation or chemotherapy. If remission is not achieved following antibiotic treatment, radiotherapy can be a curative option. For a small subset of patients, MALT lymphoma can transform into diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL), and if this happens, patients can benefit from treatments used for DLBCL.
• Monocytoid B-cell lymphoma, also known as “nodal marginal zone B-cell lymphoma” (nodal MZL), may be found in the spleen and blood. This form of NHL is generally treated like follicular lymphoma.
• Splenic marginal zone lymphoma (SMZL)begins in the spleen and may spread to the peripheral blood and bone marrow. One of the first signs of SMZL is an enlarged spleen; however, symptoms can be slow to develop. SMZL has been associated with hepatitis C infection. Treatment for hepatitis C with interferon (either alone or in combination with ribavirin) may result in a remission of the patient’s lymphoma.

For patients with SMZL who do not have hepatitis C or any symptoms of lymphoma, the first allopathic treatment may be the watch-and-wait approach. Allopathic treatment is generally started when an enlarged spleen starts to cause symptoms or produces low white blood cell counts. For symptomatic patients who are hepatitis-C negative, treatment may include:

• Splenectomy.
• Single-agent chemotherapy.
• Combination chemotherapy plus rituximab (Rituxan).
  • R-CVP (rituximab, cyclophosphamide, vincristine and prednisone).
  • R-CHOP (rituximab plus cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin [hydroxydoxorubicin], Oncovin and prednisone).
  • BR (bendamustine hydrochloride (Bendeka), rituximab).

For relapsed or refractory cases, allopathic treatment may include:

• Ibrutinib, a Bruton tyrosine kinase (BTK) inhibitor given by mouth, is indicated for the treatment of patients with MZL who require systemic therapy and have received at least one prior anti-CD20-based therapy.
• Lenalidomide, given by mouth is indicated in combination with a rituximab product for MZL patients who have been previously treated.

Allopathic researchers are evaluating new treatment approaches for MZL.

Small Cell Lymphocytic Lymphoma (SLL) and Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia (CLL)

Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) and SLL are different manifestations of the same disease, and their treatment is very similar.

Treatments include:

• Ibrutinib.
• Venetoclax.
• Bendamustine hydrochloride.
• Obinutuzumab.
• Acalabrutinib.
• Rituximab.

The following drugs are used for cases of relapsed CLL or SLL:

• Idelalisib, in combination with rituximab or in patients who received at least two prior systemic therapies.
• Duvelisib, after at least two prior therapies.

The FCR (fludarabine, cyclophosphamide and rituximab) regimen is a potentially curative option for some patients with CLL/SLL. Recent reports from clinical studies indicate that chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cell therapy can induce durable remissions in patients with refractory disease. This therapy is under investigation in clinical trials.

In general, the goal of allopathic treatment is to destroy as many lymphoma cells as possible and to induce a complete remission. Complete remission means that all evidence of disease is eliminated. Patients who go into remission are sometimes cured of their disease. Allopathic treatment can also keep non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) in check for many years, even though imaging or other studies show remaining sites of disease. This situation may be referred to as a “partial remission.”

Allopathic treatment

There are several types of allopathic treatment combinations for NHL, some at different stages.

• Chemotherapy and combination therapy.
• Radiation therapy (usually combined with chemotherapy).
• Stem cell transplantation.
• Watch-and-wait.
• Some allopathic doctors may suggest participating in a clinical trial (experiments with new drugs and new drug combinations or new approaches to stem cell transplantation).

Homeopathic treatment for Lymphoma

With allopathic treatment, patients with fast-growing non-Hodgkin lymphoma can be cured, while patients with slow-growing non-Hodgkin lymphoma, treatment may keep the disease in check for many years, while with Homeopathic treatment all types of lymphoma and cancers are treatable.

Here are very few of Homeopathic medicines for lymphoma and cancers treatment:

Arsenic Album

A profoundly acting remedy on every organ and tissue. Its clear-cut characteristic symptoms and correspondence to many different types of cancers, lymphomas etc.

Debility, exhaustion, and restlessness. Peculiar irritability of fiber, irritable weakness. Burning, tearing and/or needle like pains. Green foul discharges. Pains and burning. Anemia and chlorosis. Degenerative changes. Gradual loss of weight. Reduced refractive index of blood serum. Malignancy of diseases. Liver and spleen enlarged and painful. Ascites and anasarca. High temperature. Epithelioma of lips. Throat swollen, edematous, constricted, burning, unable to swallow. The diphtheritic membrane dry and wrinkled. Enlargement of esophageal glands.

Arsenic iodide

Persistently irritating, corrosive, fetid, watery discharges. Mucous membrane red, angry, swollen, itches and burns. Swelling of tissues within the nose. Hypertrophied eustachian tube and deafness. Senile heart, myocarditis and fatty degeneration. Lip epithelioma. Breast cancer.

Amenorrhea, with anemia and dyspnea. Chronic pneumonia. Great emaciation. Arteriosclerosis, myocardial degeneration and senile heart. Burning in pharynx. Tonsils swollen. Breath fetid, glandular involvement. Diphtheria. Chronic follicular pharyngitis. Scrofulous ophthalmia. Otitis, with fetid, corrosive discharge. Thickening of tympanum. Burning, acrid coryza. Pain and pyrosis. Pain in epigastrium.

Recurrent fever and sweats. Drenching, debilitating night-sweats. Skin dry, scaly, itching. Marked exfoliation of skin in large scales. Ichthyosis. Enlarged scrofulous glands. Venereal bubo. Eczema; watery, oozing, itching; worse, washing. Emaciation. Psoriasis. Acne hard, shotty, indurated base with pustule.

Natrum Arsenicosum

Psoriasis. Bronchitis of children over seven years. Facilitates the termination of the cold and conserves immune and appetite.

Nasal discharge. Catarrhal conjunctivitis and blepharitis marginalia. Throat dark, purplish, swollen, edematous; red and glassy. Racking cough, profuse greenish expectoration.

Natrum Muriaticum

Anemia, chlorosis, many disturbances of the alimentary tract and skin. Debility; most weakness. Hyperthyroidism. Goiter. Addison’s disease. Diabetes. Stricture of lachrymal duct with suppuration. Nasal discharges. Hungry, yet loose flesh. Manse’s irregular, profuse. Vagina dry. Leucorrhea acrid, watery. Cough from a tickling in the pit of stomach, accompanied by stitches in liver.

Scrophularia Nodosa

A powerful medicine for enlarged glands. Hodgkin’s disease. A valuable skin remedy. It has a specific affinity for the breast, very useful in the dissipation of breast tumors, nodosities. Eczema. Vaginal pruritus. Lupoid ulceration. Scrofulous swellings (Cistus). Painful weeping, protruding hemorrhoids. Tubercular testis. Epithelioma. Pain in all flexor muscles. Inflammation about auricle. Deep ulcerated auricle.

Pain in liver on pressure. Colic below navel. Pain in sigmoid flexure and rectum. Violent dyspnea, oppression of chest with trembling.

Ferrum Phosphoricum

The remedy for the first stage of all febrile disturbances and inflammations before exudation sets in. Anamia with hemorrhage, general debility and constipation. Hyperemia of optic disc and retina, blurred vision. Otitis media, eustachian tube inflammation, ulcers. Ulcerated sore throat. Tonsilitis. Subacute laryngitis with fauces inflamed and red. Diphtheria. Ranula in vascular, sanguine constitutions. Vomiting undigested food, of bright red blood. Sour eructation. Hemoptysis.

China officinalis

Vomiting of undigested food. Slow digestion. Weight after eating. Hungry without appetite. Flatulence: belching of bitter fluid or regurgitation. Hiccough. Belatedness. Indurated glands; scrofulous ulcers and caries. Debilitating night-sweats. Free perspiration is caused by every little exertion. Liver and spleen swollen and enlarged. Jaundice.

Stool undigested, frothy, yellow; painless. Fatigue. Bloody leucorrhea. Heart irregular with weak rapid beats followed by strong, hard beats.

Phytolacca Decandra

Aching, soreness, restlessness, prostration. Pre-eminently a glandular remedy. Glandular swellings, burning and inflammation. Has a powerful effect on fibrous and osseous tissues; fasciae and muscle sheaths. Diphtheria. Tetanus and opisthotonos. Weight loss. Fistula lachrymal.

Skin itches, dry, shrunken, pale. Papula, pustular, boil. Squamous eruptions. Swelling and induration of glands. Venereal buboes. Warts and moles. Soft palate and swollen tonsils. Tonsils swollen; dark-red appearance. Pseudo-membranous exudation, grayish white; thick, tenacious yellowish mucus, difficult to dislodge. Uvula large, dropsical. Mumps. Follicular pharyngitis.

Bleeding from rectum. Urine scanty, suppressed. Nephritis. Mastitis; mammae hard and sensitive. Breasts tumors with enlarged axillary glands. Mammary abscess. Menses too copious and frequent. Ovarian neuralgia. Painful induration of testicles.

Baryta iodide

Acts on the lymphatic system, increased leukocytosis. Quinsy. Indurated glands, especially tonsils and breasts. Strumous ophthalmia, with tumefaction of cervical glands and stunted growth. Tumors. excellent for lymphoma especially cervical glands. Exhaustive sweat and perspiration.

Calcarea iodide

Enlarged glands, tonsils. Hyperthyroidism in puberty. Adenoids. Uterine fibroids. Croup. Polypi of nose and ear. Enlarged tonsils. Pneumonia. Indolent ulcers, accompanying varicose veins. Easy perspiration. Copper-colored and populous eruptions, tinea, favus, crusta lactea, swelling of the glands.

Plumbum Metallicum

Amaurosis. Anemia. Aneurysm. Anhidrosis. Asthma. Atrophy. Bone exostoses. Brain softening; brain tumor. Bright’s disease. Cystitis. Diplopia. Dropsy. Dysmenorrhea. Dysuria. Emaciation. Hemoptysis. Hemorrhoids. Hyperesthesia. Hypopyon (accumulation of WBC in eyes). Jaundice. Jaw tumor. Kidney’s affections; granular kidneys. Liver affections. Nephritis. Numbness. Esophageal stricture. Paralysis – diphtheritic; agitans. Perichondritis. Progressive muscular atrophy. Colon or Colorectal cancer. Spinal sclerosis; spinal tumor. Spleen – affections. Tongue cancer – paralysis. Typhlitis. Umbilicus abscess. Vaginal spasm, vaginal tumors, cancers. Varicose.

Baryta Carbonica

Aneurysm. Apoplexy. Atrophy. Cysts. Foot-sweat. Glandular swellings. Hemorrhoids. Colon or Colorectal cancer. Heart affections. Esophageal spasm. Panaras. Paralysis. Parotitis. Prostate cancer. Quinsy. Tonsillitis. Tumors. Warts.

Thuja Occidentalis

Abdomen distended, tumors. Anal fistula; fissure. Asthma. Balanitis. Cancer. Constipation. Diarrhea. Colon or Colorectal cancer. Dyspareunia. Dysmenorrhea. Ear polypus. Enuresis. Eyes tumors. Fatty tumors. Feet fetid. Hemorrhoids. Herpes zoster. Ichthyosis. Intussusception. Mucous patches. Muscae volitantes. Ovarian pain, tumors. Ozaena. Neuralgia. Nose – chronic catarrh, polypus. Prostate cancer. Ptosis. Tongue ulcers, tumors. Vaccination. Vaginismus. Warts.

Calcarea Carbonica

Abdomen abnormally large. Anemia. Breasts painful. Bronchial glands affections. Calculus. Cancers. Caries. Crusta lactea. Debility. Diabetes. Diarrhea. Dropsy. Dyspepsia. Fistula. Glandular swellings. Goiter. Herpes. Hydrocephalus. Leucocythemia. Leucorrhea. Lupus. Menstruation, disorders. Perspiration. Polyps. Colon or Colorectal cancer. Psoriasis palmaris. Rickets. Ringworm. Smell and taste disordered. Tumors. Urticaria. Uterus affections. Varices. Warts.

Argentum Nitricum

Anamia. Chancre. Dyspepsia. Erysipelas. Eyes affection. Flatulence. Gastric ulcer. Colon or Colorectal cancer. Hands swelling. Ophthalmia neonatorum. Prostate enlargement. Taste altered. Throat affections. Tongue ulcerated. Warts.

Cicuta Virosa

Cancer. Catalepsy. Bladder paralysis. Eczema. Epithelioma. Hiccough. Esophageal stricture. Psoriasis. Puerperal convulsions. Screaming. Strabismus. Stuttering. Tetanus. Trismus. Waking, weeping on. Parasites, worms.

Belladonna

Abscess. Acne. Boils. Bronchial glands chronic diseases. Carbuncle. Colic. Constipation. Cough. Croup. Diarrhea. Dysentery. Colon or Colorectal cancer. Ear affections. Erysipelas. Erythema. Eye affections. Glandular swellings. Goiter. Hemorrhoids. Heart affections. Kidney affections. Mumps. Pneumogastric paralysis. Pneumonia. Roseola. Sensitiveness. Smell disordered. Strangury. Taste, disordered. Throat chronic infections. Tongue affections. Ulcers. Uterine affections.

Conium Maculatum

Asthma. Bladder inflammation. Breast affections; painful. Bronchitis. Bruises. Cancer. Diphtheritic paralysis. Dysmenia (membranous). Erysipelas. Eyes affection. Herpes. Jaundice. Liver – enlarged. Colon or Colorectal cancer. Menstruation disorders. Ovaries affections. Prostatitis. Tetters. Trismus. Tumors. Ulcers. Vision disordered.

Kalium Iodatum

Actinomycosis. Aneurysm. Anhidrosis. Bright’s disease. Bunions. Cancer. Condylomas. Cough. Croup. Debility. Dropsy. Otalgia. Emaciation. Erythema nodosum. Eyes affections; cysts. Fibroma. Glandular swellings. Hemorrhages. Intra-menstrual hemorrhage. Liver diseases. Colon or Colorectal cancer. Menstruation disorders. Noises in ears. Nystagmus. Abnormal body odor. Edema glottidis. Pancreatitis. Prostate. Rickets. Rupia. Spleen. Syphilis. Tongue neuralgia. Tumors. Ulcers.

Arsenicum Bromatum

Glandular tumors and indurations, carcinoma, lymphoma, locomotor ataxia.

Hydrastis Canadensis

Cancer. Chancroids. Constipation. Dyspepsia. Eczema impetiginized. Ears affections. Fistula. Hemorrhoids. Jaundice. Leucorrhea. Lip cancer. Liver affections. Colon or Colorectal cancer. Lupus. Menorrhagia. Metrorrhagia. Ozaena. Post-nasal catarrh. Seborrhea. Stomach affections. Taste – disordered. Deafness along with throat infection. Tongue affections. Ulcers. Uterus affections.

Chelidonium Majus

Antrum of Highmore, inflammation. Cancer. Chest affections. Constipation. Cough. Diarrhea. Dyspepsia. Hemorrhoids. Jaundice. Lachrymal fistula. Laryngismus. Liver affections. Nephritis. Nose-bleed. Pleurodynia. Pneumonia. Taste altered. Tumors. Warts. Whooping-cough.

Berberis Vulgaris

Dysmenorrhea. Fevers. Fistula. Herpes. Irritation. Jaundice. Joint affections. Leucorrhea. Liver disorder. Ophthalmia. Polypus. Sacrum pain. Spleen affections. Tumors. Urine disorders. Vaginismus. Cancer.

Phosphorus

Anemia, acute pernicious. Anal fissure. Arteries disease. Asthma. Bone diseases, cancers. Breast abscess, fistulas. Bronchitis – membranous. Cancers. Cataract. Intestinal catarrh. Chlorosis. Constipation. Cough. Croup. Diarrhea. Dropsy. Ecchymosis. Eyes affection. Fainting. Fatty degeneration. Fistula. Colon or Colorectal cancer. Lymphoma. Fungus haematoidin. Hemorrhagic diathesis. Heart degeneration, murmurs. Jaundice – malignancy; due to pregnancy; due to anemia. Lactation disorders. Laryngitis. Levitation. Liver diseases; acute yellow liver atrophy.

Lumps – hemorrhages, edema, paralysis. Marasmus. Menorrhagia. Nails ulcers. Nasal bleeding. Changed body odor. Esophageal pain. Ozaena. Pancreatic disorders. Perspiration abnormal. Pneumonia. Polypus. Lymphoma. Progressive muscular atrophy. Pruritus ani. Psoriasis. Rickets. Spleen enlargement. Sprains. Stammering or Stuttering. Throat mucus. Trachea tickling. Tumors – erectile, polypoid, cancerous. Ulcers. Urethral stricture. Vaccinia. Variola. Loss of voice. Whitlow. Wounds.

Fagonia Arabica (Cretica)

Inflammation and wound healing tissue scarring, and accumulation of extracellular matrix properties, repair and regeneration of injured tissue occur via apoptotic and regenerative mechanisms. Liver cirrhosis, liver cancer. Colon or Colorectal cancer. Lymphomas.

All types of Cancers and Thalassemia. All types of Hepatitis. Vomiting, thirst and burning sensation in abdomen.

Mercurius Solubilis and Mercurius Vivid

Abscess. Anemia. Bone disease. Breath offensive. Bronchitis. Bubo. Oral cancer. Chancre. Coughs. Diarrhea – chronic. Dysentery. Dyspepsia. Colon or Colorectal cancer. Lymphoma. Ecthyma. Eczema. Emaciation. Excoriation. Eyes affections. Fainting. Fevers. Fissures. Glandular swellings. Heart affections. Herpes. Jaundice. Leucorrhea. Liver affections. Mucous patches. Mumps. Offensive body odor. Ovaries affections. Pancreatitis. Para metritis Parotitis. Peritonitis. Perspiration abnormal. Prostate diseases. Purpura. Taste disorders. Throat related deafness. Throat chronic soreness. Tongue affections: tongue mapped. Tremors. Ulcers. Vaccination side effects. Vomiting.

Cholesternium

Liver cancer. Obstinate hepatic engorgements. Burning pain. Jaundice; gallstones. Cholestenone is the physiological opponent of Lecithin. Both seem to play some unknown part in the growth of tumors. Lymphoma.

Hippozaeninum

Abscesses. Boils. Bronchitis. Cancer. Carbuncles. Caries. Catarrh, chronic. Colds, chronic. Diphtheria. Lymphoma. Erysipelas. Glanders. Glands inflamed. Hepatomegaly. Lupus excedens. Nasal cartilage ulceration. Edema. Ozaena. Parotitis. Pustules. Putrid fever. Pyemia. Scrofula. Ulcers. Whooping-cough.

Calceria Arsenicosa

Albuminuria. Asthma. Cirrhosis of liver. Constipation. Lymphoma. Corpulence. Dropsy. Embolus. Heart disease. Indigestion. Kidney’s affections. Liver affections. Palpitation. Pancreatic cancer. Tumors.

Conium Maculatum

Asthma. Bladder inflammation, affections, painful. Bronchitis. Bruises. Cancer. Lymphoma. Cough. Diphtheritic paralysis. Dysmenia (membranous). Erysipelas. Eyes affection. Galactorrhea. Herpes. Hypochondriasis. Jaundice. Liver enlarged. PCODs. Ovaries affections. Peritonitis. Prostatitis. Ptosis. Scrofula. Stomach affections. Testicles affections. Tetters. Trismus. Tumors. Ulcers. Vision disordered.

Scirrhinum

Breast cancer. Cancer. Cancerous diathesis. Glands enlarged. Hemorrhages. Varicose. Worms. Lymphoma.

Cinnamomum Ceylanicum

Cancer with pain and fetor. Hemorrhages. Nosebleed. Hemorrhages from bowels, hemoptysis, etc. A strain in loins or false step brings on a profuse flow of bright blood. Postpartum hemorrhage. Flatulence and diarrhea. Lymphoma.

Crotalus Horridus

Bilious fever. Boils. Cancers. Lymphoma. Carbuncles. Eructation, sharp, sour, rancid. Nausea on movement, bilious vomiting. Dark green vomiting. Colon or Colorectal cancer. Frequent hungry sensation. Jaundice; malignant jaundice with hemorrhage. Stools: black, thin, like coffee-grounds, offensive; dark green, followed by debility; yellow, watery with stinging in abdomen. Intestinal hemorrhage.

Ornithogalum

Cancer. Flatulence. Gastric ulcer. Stomach, ulceration. Lymphoma.

Appis Melifestida

Abscess. Asthma. Bladder affections. Carbuncle. Cancer. Lymphoma. Bile vomiting. Constipation or Diarrhea – copious, blackish-brown, green, or whitish; orange-colored; greenish, yellow mucus; yellow watery; soft and pappy, mixed with serum; thin yellow; of infants. Diphtheria. Dissection wounds. Dropsy. Ear erysipelas. Erysipelas. Erythema nodosum. Feet burning. Gangrene.

Labia inflammation. Laryngitis. Lichen. Menstruation derangements. Nettle-rash. Ovaries pain; inflammation; tumors. Prostatitis. Open non healing wounds. Throat chronic sore. Tongue edema; ulceration. Tracheal irritation. Tumors. Typhus. Urethritis. Vaccination. Varicose veins. Variola.

Kreosotum

Cancer. Carbuncle. Constipation. Pains generally shooting, or tensive, or pressive, with swelling and induration liver. Colon or Colorectal cancer. Splenomegaly; painful to external pressure, diarrhea, or watery stools, Pape scent; dark brown; watery, putrid, containing undigested food; greyish or white; chipped, very fetid; frequent, greenish, watery; cadaverous smelling. Ineffectual painful urging. Enuresis. Eructation. Eruptions. Hemorrhages. Hemorrhagic diathesis. Herpes. Leucorrhea. Lips epithelioma. Lupus. PCODs. Ovary affections. Prostate irritation. Pustules. Ulcers. Urine incontinence. Leucorrhea. Whooping-cough.

Iodium

Appetite disordered. Atrophy. Breasts affections. Cancer. Lymphoma. Constipation. Coryza. Cough. Croup. Debility. Diabetes. Diarrhea. Colon or Colorectal cancer. Diphtheria. Emaciation. Galactorrhea. Goiter. Hemorrhoids. Heart hypertrophy; affections. Jaundice. Laryngitis Leucorrhea. Liver affections. Lymphatic swellings. Ovaries affections; ovarian dropsy. Ozaena. Prostate gland enlarged. Scars. Seborrhea. Uterus affections.

Calcarea fluor

Hard indurated swellings in the breast. Fibroadenomas, breast cancer. Adenoids. Aneurysm. Bone affections. Lymphoma. Catarrh. Cold sores. Corneal opacities. Cough. Exostosis. Glands indurated. Hemoptysis. Herpes. Hodgkin’s disease. Liver affections. Ozaena. Parturition. Postnasal catarrh.

P. S: This article is only for doctors having good knowledge about Homeopathy and allopathy, for learning purpose(s).

For proper consultation and treatment, please visit our clinic.

None of above-mentioned medicine(s) is/are the full/complete treatment, but just hints for treatment; every patient has his/her own constitutional medicine.

To order medicine by courier, please send your details at WhatsApp– +923119884588

Dr. Sayyad Qaisar Ahmed (MD {Ukraine}, DHMS), Abdominal Surgeries, Oncological surgeries, Gastroenterologist, Specialist Homeopathic Medicines.

  Senior research officer at Dnepropetrovsk state medical academy Ukraine.

Location:  Al-Haytham clinic, Umer Farooq Chowk Risalpur Sadder (0923631023, 03119884588), K.P.K, Pakistan.

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