Hypergastrinemia involves increased levels of gastrin (a hormone that aids digestion). This affects acid levels in our stomach.
Hypergastrinemia may be caused by long-term use of allopathic antacids or allopathic proton pump inhibitors (PPIs), Helicobacter pylori infection, certain surgeries and other conditions. Treating these conditions also treats the hypergastrinemia.
- as a major factor in meal-stimulated gastric acid secretion,
- as a trophic hormone for epithelial and enterochromaffin cells.
These roles are exaggerated to the point of pathology under conditions of chronic hypergastrinemia as exemplified by the Zollinger-Ellison syndrome and pernicious anemia. More recently, the concern about the potential risk of chronic hypergastrinemia has risen because of the widespread use of allopathic proton pump inhibitors for maintenance therapy in reflux esophagitis.
Overview
What is hypergastrinemia?
Hypergastrinemia occurs when levels of a hormone that helps with digestion (gastrin) are higher than normal. Cells inside the lower part of our stomach lining near our small intestine (G cells) produce gastrin.
Gastrin stimulates our stomach to release acid (gastric acid) to help our body digest food and absorb nutrients, such as amino acids and proteins.
Hypergastrinemia can cause either high level of stomach acid (hyperchlorhydria) or low levels of stomach acid (hypochlorhydria). How hypergastrinemia may affect a person depends on what other conditions patient has, what surgeries patient has had and which medications he takes especially allopathic.
Symptoms and Causes
What causes hypergastrinemia?
Sometimes hypergastrinemia results in less production of stomach acid. The most common causes of this type of hypergastrinemia include:
- Allopathic antacid medications for heartburn or GERD,
- Chronic atrophic gastritis, inflammation of stomach lining over a long time,
- Colorectal (colon) cancer,
- H. pylori infection,
- Kidney failure,
- Use of allopathic proton pump inhibitors (PPI) for acid reflux, gastritis, indigestion, or peptic ulcer disease,
- Vagotomy, surgery to remove part of vagus nerve. This long nerve runs from our brainstem to our abdomen. It carries signals to our heart and digestive system.
Sometimes hypergastrinemia results in more production of stomach acid. The most common causes of this type of hypergastrinemia include:
- Antral G-cell hyperplasia (pseudo-Zollinger-Ellison syndrome, or Ps-ZES), a rare disease similar to ZE syndrome but without gastrin-producing tumors in the pancreas or first section of small intestine (duodenum).
- Gastric outlet obstruction, which blocks the passageway between our stomach and our small intestine.
- Multiple endocrine neoplasia type-1 (MEN-1), which causes our adrenal gland, thyroid or parathyroid to form neuroendocrine tumors.
- Retained antrum syndrome, which can occur after surgery to the antrum (lower part of our stomach) to remove tumors or treat ulcer disease.
- Zollinger-Ellison syndrome (ZES), in which tumors form and produce too much gastrin. ZE syndrome can lead to peptic ulcers.
What are the symptoms of hypergastrinemia?
The main symptoms of hypergastrinemia include:
- Abdominal pain.
- Chronic diarrhea.
- Pancreatic tumors, which can be cancerous or non-cancerous.
- Stomach ulcers.
- Severe esophagitis.
Diagnosis and Tests
How is hypergastrinemia diagnosed?
To diagnose hypergastrinemia, a doctor needs to find out how much gastric acid a patient is producing. Tests to measure gastrin levels are:
- Your provider will ask you to not eat (fast) for a certain period of time before the test.
- You will also need to stop using a PPI for about a week before testing.
- Your provider will take a blood sample to see whether you have raised gastrin levels.
- They may take samples several times a day over several days to see whether your gastrin levels change.
If you (a doctor) suspects hypergastrinemia, advise tests to rule out other conditions. These tests may include:
- Secretin stimulation test: Gives an infusion of secretin to your patient (a hormone released by duodenum). A large increase in patient’s gastrin levels may indicate Zollinger-Ellison syndrome.
- Stomach pH testing: Measures the level of acid in patient’s stomach. pH levels of less than 2 may indicate Zollinger-Ellison syndrome.
Allopathic Management and Treatment
How is hypergastrinemia treated?
Allopathic treatment for hypergastrinemia depends on the cause (click the desired link given below):
- Colorectal cancer, gastric outlet obstruction, kidney disease, MEN-1 and ZE syndrome: Surgeries that treats these conditions will also treat hypergastrinemia symptoms (rare cases).
- ACG and H. pylori infection: Antibiotics can help to treat these conditions.
- Proton-pump inhibitors: Stopping PPI usually reverses hypergastrinemia in five to seven days.
- Retained antrum syndrome: Getting rid of the remaining lower stomach (antral) tissue can lower excess stomach acid.
Prevention
How can I reduce my risk of hypergastrinemia?
If your patient uses allopathic antacids/PPI from long-term, ask him/her to stop them immediately.
Homeopathic treatment for Hypergastrinemia
With Homeopathy treatment for hypergastrinemia also depends on the cause for example – Colorectal cancer, gastric outlet obstruction, kidney disease, MEN-1 and ZE syndrome. Homeopathic treatment for these diseases is very effective, short term, without any surgeries and without any side effects.
Few Homeopathic medicines for hypergastrinemia are:
Bismuthum Metallicum
Nausea after every meal. Water is vomited as soon as it reaches the stomach, vomiting of brownish matter, of bile. Nausea, with inclination to vomit. Violent risings of a putrid smell. Helicobacter pylori. Cancer of stomach. Cramp-like and precisive pains in the stomach. Burning in the stomach. Inflammation of the stomach. Borborygmi and rumbling in the abdomen. Colic with pinching, pressure, and an inclination to go to stool. Great inflation of the abdomen. Abdomen bloated in ridges; rumbling of wind along colon, passes rarely, but then relieves. Painful sensibility of the abdomen to the touch.
Inflammation of the whole throat. Burning pain in the throat, sometimes insupportable. Phagedenic ulceration of uvula, with burning and tearing; difficult swallowing of fluids, which return through nose.
Ineffectual efforts to go to stool. Aqueous diarrhea of a putrid smell. Stools are cadaverous smell. Cholera; cholerine; fluids vomit as soon as taken.
Nux Vomica
Helicobacter pylori – Sour taste, and nausea in the morning, after eating. Weight and pain in stomach; worse, eating, sometime after. Flatulence and pyrosis. Sour, bitter eructation. Nausea and vomiting, with much retching. Ravenous hunger, especially about a day before an attack of dyspepsia. Region of stomach very sensitive to pressure. Epigastrium bloated, with pressure like a stone, several hours after eating. Desire for stimulants. Dyspepsia from drinking strong coffee. Difficult belching of gas. Wants to vomit but cannot.
Bruised soreness of abdominal walls. Flatulent distension, with spasmodic colic. Colic from uncovering. Liver engorged, with stitches and soreness. Colic, with upward pressure, causing short breath, and desire for stool. Weakness of abdominal ring region. Strangulated hernia. Forcing in lower abdomen towards genitals. Umbilical hernia of infants.
Absence of all desire for defecation is a contra-indication.
Constipation, with frequent ineffectual urging (incomplete and unsatisfactory). Constriction of rectum. Alternate constipation and diarrheas – after abuse of purgatives. Urging to stool felt throughout abdomen. Itching, blind hemorrhoids, with ineffectual urging to stool; very painful; after drastic allopathic drugs. Diarrheas after a debauch, frequent small evacuations, scanty stool, with much urging. Dysentery: stools relieve pains for a time. Constant uneasiness in rectum. Diarrheas, with jaundice.
Bryonia Alba
Nausea and faintness in morning. Abnormal hunger, loss of taste. Thirst for large draughts. Vomiting of bile and water immediately after eating. Worse, warm drinks, which are vomited. Stomach sensitive to touch. Pressure in stomach after eating, as of a stone. Soreness in stomach when coughing. Dyspeptic ailments during summer heat. Sensitiveness of epigastrium to touch. Helicobacter pylori.
Liver region swollen, sore, tensive. Burning pain, stitches; worse, pressure, coughing, breathing. Tenderness of abdominal walls.
Constipation: stools hard, dry, as if burnt; seem too large. Stools brown, thick, bloody; worse in morning, from moving, in hot weather, after being heated, from cold drinks, every spell of hot weather.
Apis Mellifica
Sore feeling. Thirstless. Vomiting of food. Abdomen sore, bruised on pressure, when sneezing. Extremely tender. Helicobacter pylori. Dropsy of abdomen. Peritonitis. Swelling in right groin. Stool involuntary on every motion; anus seems open. Bloody, painless. Anus feels raw. Hemorrhoids, with stinging pain, after confinement. Diarrhea watery, yellow; cholera infantum type. Cannot urinate without a stool. Dark, fetid, worse after eating. Constipation: feels as if something would break on straining.
Natrum Muriatic
Frothy coating on tongue, with bubbles on side. Sense of dryness. Scorbutic gums. Numbness, tingling of tongue, lips, and nose. Vesicles and burning on tongue, as if there was a hair on it. Eruptions around mouth and vesicles like pearls on lips. Lips and corners of mouth dry, ulcerated, and cracked. Deep crack in middle of lower lip. Tongue mapped. Loss of taste. Large vesicle on lower lip, which is swollen and burns. Immoderate thirst.
Helicobacter pylori. Hungry, yet loose flesh. Heartburn, with palpitation. Unquenchable thirst. Sweats while eating. Craving for salt. Aversion to bread, to anything slimy, like oysters, fats. Throbbing in pit. Sticking sensation in cardiac orifice. Cutting pain in abdomen. Distended. Pain in abdominal ring on coughing.
Rectum burning, pains and stitching after stool. Anus contracted, torn, bleeding. Constipation; stool dry, crumbling. Painless and copious diarrhea, preceded by pinching pain in abdomen.
Ammonium Muriatic
Thirst for lemonade, regurgitation of food (gastrointestinal reflux disease {GERD}), bitter water brash. Nausea. Helicobacter pylori. Gnawing in stomach. Epigastric pain immediately after eating. Cancer of stomach. Splenic stitches, especially in the morning, with difficult breathing. Pain around navel. Abdominal symptoms appear during pregnancy. Chronic congestion of liver. Excessive fatty deposit around abdomen. Much flatus. Strained feeling in groin.
Rectum itching and hemorrhoids, soreness with pustules. Hard, crumbly stool, or covered with glairy mucus. Stinging in perineum. Green mucus stools alternate with constipation. During and after stool, burning and smarting in rectum. Hemorrhoids after suppressed leucorrhea.
Magnesium Muriatic
Blisters on lips. Gums swollen, bleed easily. Tongue feels burnt and scalded. Throat dry, with hoarseness. Appetite poor had taste in mouth. Eructation like rotten eggs. Helicobacter pylori. Continued rising of while froth into mouth Cannot digest milk. Urine can be passed only by pressing abdominal muscles. Pressing pain in liver; worse lying on right side. Liver enlarged with bloating of abdomen, yellow tongue. Congenital scrotal hernia. Must use abdominal muscles to enable him to urinate.
Constipation during dentition; Adult – only passing small quantity; stools knotty, like sheep’s dung, crumbling at verge of anus. Painful smarting hemorrhoids.
Taraxacum Officinale
Gastric headaches, bilious attacks, with characteristically mapped tongue and jaundiced skin. Cancer of bladder. Flatulence. Hysterical tympanites. Sensation of great heat on top of head. Sternomastoid muscle very painful to touch. Helicobacter pylori. Mapped tongue. Tongue covered with a white film; feels raw; comes off in patches, leaving red, sensitive spots. Loss of appetite. Bitter taste and eructation. Salivation.
Liver enlarged and indurated. Sharp stitches in left side. Sensation of bubbles bursting in bowels. Tympanites. Evacuation difficult.
Rhus Toxicodendrone
Want of appetite for any kind of food, with unquenchable thirst. Bitter taste. Nausea, vertigo, and bloated abdomen after eating. Desire for milk. Great thirst, with dry mouth and throat. Pressure as from a stone. Drowsy after eating.
Helicobacter pylori – Violent abdominal pains, relieved by lying on abdomen. Swelling of inguinal glands. Pain in region of ascending colon. Colic, compelling to walk bent. Excessive distention after eating. Rumbling of flatus on first rising but disappears with continued motion.
Diarrhea of blood, slime, and reddish mucus. Dysentery, with tearing pains down thighs. Stools of cadaverous odor. Frothy, painless stools. Will often abort a beginning suppurative process near the rectum. Dysentery.
Sulphur
Complete loss of, or excessive appetite. Putrid eructation. Food tastes too salty. Drinks much, eats little. Milk disagrees. Great desire for sweets. Great acidity, sour eructation. Burning, painful, weight-like pressure. Very weak and faint about 11 am; must have something to eat. Nausea during gestation. Water fills the patient up.
Abdomen very sensitive to pressure; internal feeling of rawness and soreness. Movements as of something alive. Pain and soreness over liver. Colic after drinking. Helicobacter pylori.
Rectum itching and burning of anus; piles dependent upon abdominal plethora. Frequent, unsuccessful desire; hard, knotty, insufficient. Child afraid on account of pain. Redness around the anus, with itching. Morning diarrhea, painless, drives out of bed, with prolapsus recti. Hemorrhoids, oozing and belching.
Digitalis Purpurea
Sweet taste with constant ptyalism. Excessive nausea, not relieved by vomiting. Faintness, great weakness in stomach. Burning in stomach extending to esophagus. Faintness and vomiting from motion. Discomfort, even after a small quantity of food, or from mere sight or smell. Tenderness of epigastrium. Copious salivation. Neuralgic pain in stomach, unconnected with taking food. Helicobacter pylori.
Pain in left side of abdomen apparently in descending colon and under false ribs. Severe abdominal pains, pulsation in abdominal aorta, and epigastric constriction. Enlarged, sore, painful liver. Stool white, chalk-like, ashy, pasty stools. Diarrhea during jaundice.
Colocynth
The colocynth stomach pains are clutching, cramping and digging, as if grasped by the fingers. Similar pains occur lower down in the abdomen, but they are still better from hard pressure, and from doubling up which amounts to pressure come on in paroxysms of increasing severity, until the patient is nauseated and vomits, and are associated with great restlessness and faint, sinking feeling at the pit of the stomach. The victim bends down over the back of a chair, or over the footboard, if unable to get out of bed. Helicobacter pylori.
Carbo Vegetabilis
Eructation, heaviness, fullness, and sleepiness; tense from flatulence, with pain; worse lying down. Eructation after eating and drinking. Temporary relief from belching. Rancid, sour, or putrid eructation. Helicobacter pylori. Waterbrash, asthmatic breathing from flatulence. Nausea in the morning. Burning in stomach, extending to back and along spine. Contractive pain extending to chest, with distention of abdomen. Faint gone feeling in stomach, not relieved by eating. Crampy pains forcing patient to bend double. Distress comes on a half-hour after eating. Sensitiveness of epigastric region.
Digestion slow; food putrefies before it digests. Gastralgia of nursing women, with excessive flatulence, sour, rancid belching. Aversion to milk, meat, and fat things. The simplest food distresses. Epigastric region very sensitive. Abdominal pain as from lifting a weight; colic; excessive discharge of fetid flatus. Intestinal fistulae. Abdomen greatly distended; better, passing wind. Flatulent colic. Pain in liver. Helicobacter pylori.
Flatus hot, moist, offensive. Itching, gnawing and burning in rectum. Acrid, corrosive moisture from rectum. A musty, glutinous moisture exudes. Soreness, itching moisture of perineum at night. Discharge of blood from rectum. Burning at anus, burning varices. Painful diarrheas of old people. Frequent, involuntary cadaverous-smelling stools, followed by burning. White hemorrhoids; excoriation of anus. Bluish, burning piles, pain after stool.
Muriatic Acidium
Irritable and peevish; fretful Loud moaning. Restlessness. Tongue, pale, swollen, dry, leathery, paralyzed. Deep ulcers on tongue. Hard lumps in tongue. Epithelioma; edges bluish red. Gums and glands swollen. Uvula swollen. Ulcers and false membrane. Throat edematous, dark, raw. Attempted swallowing produces spasm and choking.
Stomach: Cannot bear sight or thought of meat. Achlorhydria and fermentation of food. Tendency to involuntary evacuations while urinating. Hemorrhoids – sensitive to touch. Anal itching and prolapses ani while urinating. Hemorrhoids during pregnancy; bluish, hot with violent stitches.
Leucorrhea. During menses, soreness of anus. Ulcer in genitals. Temperature without thirst. Typhoid. Hemorrhages. Involuntary discharges. Bedsores. Pulse rapid and feeble. Excessive prostration.
Carbolicum Acidum
Carbolic Acid is a powerful irritant and anesthetic. A languid, foul, painless, destructive medicine. Stupor, paralysis of sensation and motion, feeble pulse and depressed breathing, death due to paralysis of respiratory centers. Acts primarily on the central nervous system. Increased olfactory sensibility.
Produces mental and bodily languor, disinclination to study, with headache like a band. Acuteness of smell. Stomach pains are terrible; come and go suddenly. Physical exertion brings on abscess somewhere. Putrid discharges. Scarlet fever, with marked tendency to destruction of tissue internally, and fetid odor.
Ulcerated patches on inside of lips and cheeks. Burning in mouth to stomach. Faucets (throat) red and covered with exudation. Uvula whitened and shriveled. Putrid discharge. Almost impossible to swallow. Diphtheria, fetid breath, regurgitation on swallowing liquids, but little pain. Face dusky red; white about mouth and nose. Rapid sinking of vital forces.
Stomach: Appetite lost. Desire for stimulants and tobacco. Constant belching, nausea, vomiting, dark olive green. GERD. Painful flatulence often marked in one part of the bowel. Constipation, with very offensive breath. Bloody, like scrapings of intestines. Great tenesmus. Diarrhea; stools thin, black, putrid.
Arsenicum Album
Burning in abdomen accompanied by anxiety. Helicobacter pylori. Nausea, retching, vomiting, after eating or drinking. Anxiety in pit of stomach. Burning pain. Heartburn: gulping up of acid and bitter substances which seem to excoriate the throat. Long-lasting eructation. Vomiting of blood, bile, green mucus, or brown-black mixed with blood. Stomach extremely irritable. Gastralgia from slightest food or drink. Dyspepsia from vinegar, acids, ice-cream, ice-water, tobacco. Terrible fear and dyspnea, with gastralgia; also, faintness, icy coldness, great exhaustion.
Malignant symptoms. Everything swallowed lodge in the esophagus, which seems as if closed and nothing would pass. Ill effects of vegetable diet, melons, and watery fruits generally. Craves milk.
Hepatomegaly. Splenomegaly. Ascites and anasarca. Abdomen swollen and painful. Painful, spasmodic protrusion of rectum. Tenesmus. Burning pain and pressure in rectum and anus. Stool small, offensive, dark, with much prostration. Worse at night, and after eating and drinking; from chilling stomach, alcoholic abuse, spoiled meat. Dysentery dark, bloody, very offensive. Cholera, with intense agony, prostration, and burning thirst. Body cold as ice. Hemorrhoids burn like fire, relieved by heat. Skin excoriated about anus.
Ipecacuanha
Ipecac should be prescribed when there is nausea – all the time. Vomiting of white glairy mucus or food appears, but the nausea is not relieved even after vomiting. Helicobacter pylori. Mouth, moist; much saliva. Constant nausea and vomiting. Vomits food, bile, blood, mucus. Stomach feels relaxed. Hiccough.
Amebic dysentery with tenesmus; while straining pain so great that it nauseates; little thirst. Cutting, clutching; worse, around the navel. Body rigid; stretched out stiff. Stools Pitch-like green as grass, like frothy molasses, with griping at navel. Dysenteric, slimy.
Antimonium Crudum
Antimonium Crudum should be advised when belching is constant. Belching in such cases tastes mainly of eaten food. Dyspepsia and vomiting may also be present. Eructation tasting of the ingesta. Heartburn, nausea, vomiting. After nursing, the child vomits its milk in curds, and refuses to nurse afterwards, and is very cross. Gastric and intestinal complaints from bread and pastry, acids, sour wine, cold bathing, overheating, hot weather. Gouty metastasis to stomach and bowels. Sweetish water brash. Bloating after eating. Helicobacter pylori.
Diarrhea alternating with constipation, especially in old people. Diarrhea after acids/acidic food and/or drinks, after baths, overeating; slimy, flatulent stools. Mucous piles continued oozing of mucus. Hard lumps mixed with watery discharge. Catarrhal proctitis. Stools composed entirely of mucus.
Phosphorus
Phosphorus should be advised when there is marked pain and burning in the stomach/epigastrium relieved by cold food/drinks, ice. The pain gets worse from even touching and walking. The burning extends to the throat and intestines. Cold food relieves gastric complaints. Sour taste and sour eructation after every meal.
Helicobacter pylori. Belching large quantities of wind, after eating. Throws up ingesta by the mouthfuls. Vomiting: water is thrown up as soon as it gets warm in the stomach. Postoperative vomiting. Throat opening feels contracted, too narrow; the food scarcely swallowed, comes up again.
Argentum Nitricum
Belching accompanies gastritis. Nausea, retching, vomiting of glairy mucus. Flatulence; painful swelling of pit. Helicobacter pylori. Painful spot over stomach that radiates to all parts of the abdomen. Gnawing ulcerating pain; burning and constriction. Ineffectual effort at eructation. Great craving for sweets, Desire for cheese and salty food.
Watery, noisy, flatulent; green, like chopped spinach, with shreddy mucus and enormous distention of abdomen; very offensive. Diarrhea immediately after eating or drinking. Fluids go right through, after sweets, After any emotion with flatulence. Itching of anus.
Kali Bichrome
Nausea and vomiting immediately after eating. Feels as if digestion had stopped. Dilatation of stomach. Gastritis. Round ulcer of stomach. Stitches in region of liver and spleen and through to spine. Dislikes water. Cannot digest meat. Desire for beer and acids. Gastric symptoms are relieved after eating, and the rheumatic symptoms reappear (alternate). Helicobacter pylori. Vomiting of bright yellow water.
Cutting pain in abdomen, soon after eating. Chronic intestinal ulceration. Soreness in right hypochondrium, fatty infiltration of liver and increase in soft fibrous tissue (cirrhosis). Painful retraction, soreness and burning.
Jelly like stool, gelatinous; worse, mornings. Dysentery: tenesmus, stools brown, frothy. Sensation of a plug-in anus. Periodic constipation, with pain across the loins. Brown urine.
Graphites
Nausea and vomiting after each meal. Morning sickness during menstruation. Pressure in stomach, Fullness and hardness in abdomen. Helicobacter pylori. Croaking in abdomen. Inguinal region sensitive, swollen. Colic pain, Pain of gas opposite the side on which he lies. Chronic diarrhea, stools brownish, liquid, undigested, offensive.
Constipation; large, difficult, knotty stools united by mucus threads. Burning hemorrhoids. Prolapse, diarrheas; stools of brown fluid, mixed with undigested substance, very fetid, sour odor. Smarting, sore anus, itching. Lump stool, conjoined with threads of mucus. Varices of the rectum. Fissure of anus.
Ratanhia
Mawkish taste in morning, in bed. Thirst; in evening. Anorexia Nervosa, with dislike to food and drink. Constant desire to eat. Violent hiccough, which causes pain in stomach. Long-continued hiccough after dinner. Nausea and disgust, with retching and vomiting of food. Vomiting of water; of mucus streaked with blood. Pains as from ulceration in stomach. Excessive distension of stomach. Rolling and constriction in stomach. Painful constriction of stomach. Sensation in stomach, and above scrobiculus. Heat and burning sensation in stomach and epigastrium. Sudden painful bursting in pit of stomach.
Repeated violent sticking in hypochondrium. Shootings, pinching, and contraction of groins. Pinching in both groins. Griping in lower abdomen, externally violent itching. Constrictive pain in small spot in groins; in groin. Helicobacter pylori.
Stool hard and broken evacuations, with urgent want to evacuate (with straining) and protrusion of hemorrhoidal excrescences. Ineffectual want to evacuate, with pains. Great protrusion of hemorrhoids, with burning in anus. Stitches. Fissures; excruciating pains immediately after stool, if costive. Fissure with constriction. Burning in anus before and during a diarrhea-like stool. Severe itching in anus. Thin, fetid stools, burning like fire in anus. Sanguineous diarrhea. Discharge of blood from the rectum, with or without stool. Diarrhea with some drops of blood.
Outlook / Prognosis
What can I expect if I have hypergastrinemia?
Untreated hypergastrinemia creates increased amounts of gastrin. Researchers suspect this may lead to the growth of cancers such as:
- Blood cancers, such as leukemia, lymphoma and multiple myeloma etc.
- Esophageal cancer.
- Pancreatic cancer.
Long-term hypergastrinemia may also lead to tumors in the stomach (gastric carcinoids or gastric adenocarcinoma). The two types of gastric carcinoids it may lead to are: 
Type I gastric carcinoids, which link to chronic atrophic gastritis and are usually:
- Found in women.
- Located in many places in the stomach.
- Not likely to be cancerous.
Type 2 gastric carcinoids, which link to ZES and MEN-1 and are:
- Found in men and women.
- Located in many places in stomach.
- Sometimes cancerous (in 7% to 12% of cases).
What is the outlook if I have hypergastrinemia?
The outlook for people with hypergastrinemia depends on the cause of the condition as well as type of treatment, with proper Homeopathic treatment, people with hypergastrinemia can live active and absolutely normal life.
P. S: This article is only for doctors and students having good knowledge about Homeopathy and allopathy.

For proper consultation and treatment, please visit our clinic.
Dr. Sayyad Qaisar Ahmed (MD {Ukraine}, DHMS), Abdominal Surgeries, Oncological surgeries, Gastroenterologist, Specialist Homeopathic Medicines.
Senior research officer at Dnepropetrovsk state medical academy Ukraine.
Location: Al-Haytham clinic, Umer Farooq Chowk Risalpur Sadder (0923631023, 03119884588), K.P.K, Pakistan.
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