Monkeypox virus (MPV or MPXV) is a double-stranded DNA virus that causes monkeypox in humans and other animals.
Symptoms of monkeypox are similar but less severe than those of the smallpox virus. They normally appear a week or two after exposure to the virus, though it can take longer in some cases.
Monkeypox normally starts with flu-like symptoms, including fever, chills, a headache, and achy muscles.
Unlike smallpox and chickenpox, swollen lymph nodes are also common. (Worth noting: Despite similar-sounding names and descriptions, chickenpox is caused by the varicella-zoster virus, meaning it is not related to the monkeypox virus.)
After 1 to 3 days of these symptoms, a rash usually develops on face, then can spread to the rest of
body.
Next, the most notable symptoms can develop: flat, circular lesions in different parts of the body that eventually turn into bumps filled with a clear fluid.
These bumps eventually become crusty before falling off.
Monkeypox is largely transmitted through close, skin-to-skin contact with people who have lesions as a result of the virus.
Monkeypox Family
Monkeypox virus belongs to the genus Ortho poxvirus (Ortho poxvirus is a genus of viruses in the family Poxviridae and subfamily Chordopoxvirinae, vertebrates, including mammals and humans, and arthropods serve as natural hosts) in the family Poxviridae (Poxviridae is a family of viruses. Vertebrates, and arthropods serve as natural hosts. Diseases associated with this family include smallpox).
It is one of the human Ortho poxviruses that includes variola (Smallpox was an infectious disease caused by one of two virus variants, Variola major and Variola minor).
The agent of variola virus (VARV) belongs to the genus Ortho poxvirus, the last naturally occurring case was diagnosed in October 1977, and the World Health Organization (WHO) certified the global eradication of the disease in 1980.).
Cowpox (CPX- Cowpox is an infectious disease caused by the cowpox virus (CPXV). The virus, part of the genus Ortho poxvirus, is closely related to the vaccinia virus {Vaccinia virus (VACV or VV) is a large, complex, enveloped virus belonging to the poxvirus family, The vaccinia virus is the source of the modern smallpox vaccine, Although smallpox no longer exists in the wild, vaccinia virus is still studied widely by scientists as a tool for gene therapy and genetic engineering}.
The virus is zoonotic (meaning transferable between species, such as from cat to human), and vaccinia (VACV) viruses. It is not a direct ancestor to, nor a direct descendant of, the variola virus, which causes smallpox.
Monkeypox disease is similar to smallpox, but with a milder rash and lower mortality rate.
Variation in virulence of the virus has been observed in isolates from Central Africa, where strains are more virulent than those from Western Africa. The two areas have distinct clades of the virus, termed Congo Basin (Central African) and West African clades.
Double-stranded DNA viruses
The first Baltimore group of DNA viruses are those that have a double-stranded DNA genome. All dsDNA viruses have their mRNA synthesized in a three-step process.
First, a transcription preinitiation complex binds to the DNA upstream of the site where transcription begins, allowing for the recruitment of a host RNA polymerase.
Second, once the RNA polymerase is recruited, it uses the negative strand as a template for synthesizing mRNA strands.
Third, the RNA polymerase terminates transcription upon reaching a specific signal, such as a polyadenylation site.
dsDNA viruses can be subdivided between those that replicate in the cell nucleus, and as such are relatively dependent on host cell machinery for transcription and replication, and those that replicate in the cytoplasm, in which case they have evolved or acquired their own means of executing transcription and replication.
dsDNA viruses are also commonly divided between tailed dsDNA viruses, referring to members of the realm Duplodnaviria, usually the tailed bacteriophages of the order Caudovirales, and tailless or non-tailed dsDNA viruses of the realm Varidnaviria.
Reservoir of Monkeypox virus
Monkeypox is carried by animals including primates. It was first identified by Preben von Magnus in Copenhagen, Denmark, in 1958 in crab-eating macaque monkeys (Macaca fascicularis) being used as laboratory animals.
The 2003 and now the 2022 outbreak in the United States, United Kingdom some European countries, India and Thailand, is traced to prairie dogs infected from an imported Gambian pouched rat.
Transmission of Monkeypox virus
The virus can spread both from animal to human and from human to human. Infection from animal to human can occur via an animal bite or by direct contact with an infected animal’s bodily fluids.
The virus can spread from human to human by both droplet respiration and contact with fomites (touchable surfaces) from an infected person’s bodily fluids.
The incubation period is between 10 and 14 days. Prodromal symptoms include swelling of lymph nodes, muscle pain, headache, fever, prior to the emergence of the rash as mentioned above in detail.
Epidemiology
The primary route of infection is thought to be contact with the infected animals or their bodily fluids.
The fresh reported outbreak outside Africa occurred in 2022 in the Midwestern United States in Illinois, Indiana, and Wisconsin, with one occurrence in New Jersey; UK, France Thailand and India.
Till now no deaths occurred.
Allopathy still has No Treatment for Monkeypox.
There’s currently no treatment for monkeypox in allopathy. Allopath thinks that monkeypox is self-limiting and it can get better without treatment.
The disease is usually self-limited; resolution occurs in 2-4 weeks. In the African cases, the mortality rate was 1-10%, and death was related to the patients’ health status and other comorbidities. Most patients died of secondary infections. No fatalities were reported in the 2003 US outbreak.
Patients often feel poorly during the febrile stage of the illness; therefore, bedrest along with supportive care may be necessary. Hospitalization may be necessary in more severe cases; a negative pressure room is preferable.
To avoid infection of health care workers and close contacts, airborne and contact precautions should be applied. See the current CDC recommendations at Infection Prevention and Control of Monkeypox in Healthcare Settings.
Isolation must be continued until the last crust is shed.
Allopathic Antiviral Agents
Tecovirimat
Tecovirimat (TPOXX) is approved by the FDA and is indicated for treatment of human smallpox disease caused by variola virus. Also, the CDC holds an expanded access investigational new drug (EA-IND), also called compassionate use, that allows for the use of stockpiled tecorvirimat to treat monkeypox (mpox) during an outbreak. Tecovirimat is currently stockpiled by the US federal Strategic National Stockpile, but administration of the drug is under an IND exemption application.
Cidofovir
Data on the effectiveness of cidofovir in human cases of monkeypox are not available. It is indicated for cytomegalovirus in the United States. Although cidofovir has proven activity against poxviruses in in vitro and animal studies, it is not known whether or not a patient with severe monkeypox infection will benefit from treatment. The CDC holds an EA-IND that allows for the use of stockpiled cidofovir for the treatment of Ortho poxviruses (including monkeypox) in an outbreak.
Brin cidofovir 
Brin cidofovir (Tembexa) is indicated for treatment of smallpox caused by Virola virus in adults and children, including neonates. Brin cidofovir is a prodrug of cidofovir diphosphate. Cidofovir diphosphate selectively inhibits Ortho poxvirus DNA polymerase-mediated viral DNA synthesis. Brin cidofovir may have an improved safety profile over cidofovir as severe renal toxicity or other adverse events have not been observed during treatment of cytomegalovirus infections with Brin cidofovir in comparison to treatment using cidofovir. The CDC is currently developing an EA-IND for to help facilitate use of Brin cidofovir as a treatment for monkeypox.
Vaccinia immune globulin (VIG)
Data are not available on the effectiveness of VIG in treatment of monkeypox complications. Use of VIG is administered under an EA-IND for treatment of Ortho poxviruses (including monkeypox) in an outbreak. It is not known whether a patient with severe monkeypox infection will benefit from VIG treatment.
VIG can be considered for prophylactic use in a monkeypox-exposed person with severe immunodeficiency in T-cell function for which smallpox vaccination following monkeypox exposure is contraindicated.
Treatment of ocular monkeypox
Patients with monkeypox can experience serious ocular complications. Cases of monkeypox are mostly self-limited; however, lesions that involve anatomically vulnerable sites can cause complications. Ocular monkeypox may occur when the virus is introduced into the eye, most typically from autoinoculation. Ocular infection can potentially cause conjunctivitis, blepharitis, keratitis, and vision loss.
Clinicians should consider prompt initiation of systemic antiviral therapy in addition to topical trifluridine in patients with ocular manifestations. Patients with ocular monkeypox, including those with HIV-associated immunocompromise, have experienced delays in treatment initiation, prolonged illness, hospitalization, and vision impairment The CDC emphasizes the importance of reducing the risk of ocular complications by practicing good hand hygiene and to instruct patients with ocular monkeypox to avoid touching their eyes and refrain from using contact lenses.
Homeopathic Treatment for Monkeypox
There are dozens of Homeopathic medicines for monkeypox and antivirals beneficial for monkeypox. Here are few of those Homeopathic medicines:
Morbillinium
A good antiviral Homeopathic medicine. As a prophylactic given to those who are, or may be, exposed to infection, I prescribe a dose of the 200th twice or thrice daily (Dr Qaisar Ahmed MDM, DHMS). For an attack of the disease, I find nothing better than Morbillinium. 200, eight or ten globules in six ounces of water, a tablespoon every two hours. The effect of this is heightened by giving alternately Belladona in the same way. These two medicines will be sufficient to carry through any uncomplicated case, and in my experience do even better than Pulsatilla. As the viral poison has a great affinity for the mucous passages, the eyes, the ears and the respiratory mucous membranes.
Hepar Sulph
Abscesses: suppurating glands are very sensitive. Papules prone to suppurate and extend. Acne in youth. Suppurate with prickly pain. Easily bleed. Angio-neurotic oedema. Unhealthy skin: every little injury suppurates. Chapped skin, with deep cracks on hands and feet. Ulcers, with bloody suppuration, smelling like old cheese. Ulcers very sensitive to contact, burning, stinging, easily bleeding. Sweats day and night without relief. “Cold sores” very sensitive. Cannot bear to be uncovered; wants to be wrapped up warmly. Sticking or pricking in afflicted parts. Putrid ulcers, surrounded by little pimples. Great sensitiveness to slightest touch. Chronic and recurring urticaria. Monkeypox. Smallpox. Herpes circinate. Constant offensive exhalation from the body.
Natrium Sulphuricum 
Itching while undressing. Jaundiced, watery blisters. Sycotic excrescences; wart-like red lumps all over body. Monkeypox.
Medorrhinum
Yellow. Intense and incessant itching; worse night and when thinking of it. Fiery red rash about anus. Copper-colored spots. Favus. Tumors and abnormal growth. Flashes of heat in face and neck. Night-sweat and hectic.
Aconitum Napellus
Amaurosis, Anger, Apoplexy, Asthma, Bronchitis, Catalepsy, Catheter fever, Chest affections, Chickenpox, Monkeypox, Smallpox, Enteritis, Erythema nodosum, Excitement, Eye affections, Face flushing. Fear and its effects. Glands swollen. Glossitis. Hodgkin’s disease. Hyperpyrexia. Influenza. Jaundice.
Measles, Miliaria, Mumps, Esophagus inflammation, Pleurisy, Puerperal fever. Purpura. Quinsy. Remittent fever. Roseola. Scarlatina. Shivering. Sleeplessness, Tetanus. Tetany. Thirst. Throat affections. Tongue/mouth affections, Traumatic fever. Urethra, spasmodic stricture, Urethral fever. Urine, suppression of. Uterus prolapsus. Vaccination side effects, Yawning. Yellow fever.
Bryonia Alba
Bryonia should be advise in first stag; Symptoms are: Aphthae. Apoplexy. Asthma. Bilious attack. Breast, inflamed. Bronchitis. Cancer, Chlorosis. Constipation. Consumption. Coryza. Cough.
Eczema. Enteric fever. Eruptions. Gastroenteritis. Hemorrhages. Hands, swollen. Headache. Heart inflammation. Influenza. Intermittent fevers. Jaundice. Joints, pain in. Lactation, Liver malfunctioning.
Lumbago. Measles, Monkeypox, Smallpox, Scarlatina, Pleurisy, Suppressed eruptions and their bad effects. Meningitis. Menstruation, vicarious. Miliaria. Milk fever. Myalgia. Nephritis. Nosebleed. Peritonitis. Phlegmasia alba dolens. Pleurodynia.
Morning cough, Puerperal fever. Pyuria. Relapsing fever. Remittent fever. Rheumatism. Screaming. Side, pain in. Sleep, anxious dreams in. Spina bifida. Stiff neck. Thirst. Tongue, coated. Toothache. Trachea, pain in. Vertigo. Waking, starts and screams on. Water-brash. Whooping-cough. Yellow fever.
Sulphur 
Acne. Adenoids. Ague. Anemia. Anus, prolapse of. Asthma. Atelectasis. Bedsores. Biliousness. Boils. Catarrh. Chagres fever. Chancre. Cheloid. Consumption. Corns. Cough. Crusta serpiginosa. Dental fistula. Diabetes. Diarrhea. Dysentery. Eczema. Eruptions. Eyes affections. Freckles. Ganglion. Gland’s affections. Gleet. Headache. Herpes. Influenza. Intermittent. Irritation. Itch. Jaundice. Lupus. Monkeypox.
Nettle Rash. Rectum affections. Skin affections. Ulcers. Urticaria. Vaccination. Warts. White swelling.
Apis Melifistida
Abscess, Apoplexy. Carbuncle. Chancre. Dissection wounds. Dropsy. Erysipelas. Erythema nodosum. Eyes affections; optic neuritis. Feet burning. Gangrene. Hands swelling. Injuries. Intermittent fever. Irritation. Labial inflammation.
Punctured wounds. Scarlatina, Monkeypox, Smallpox. Self-abuse. Suppressed eruptions and their effects. Sycosis. Syphilis. Throat, sore. Tongue edema; ulceration of. Trachea, irritation of. Tumors. Typhus. Urethritis. Vaccination. Varicose veins. Variola. Wounds.
Antimonium Tartaricum
Similarity of the smallpox pustule to those produced by Tartar emetic (Monkeypox). Hughes recognizes it almost as a routine agent. Vesication and pustulation.
Asphyxia neonatorum. Chickenpox, Smallpox, Monkeypox. Cholera morbus. Coccygodynia. Cough. Group. Delirium-Tremens. Dyspepsia. Ecthyma. Eyes, inflamed. Impetigo. Intermittent fever. Laryngitis.
Lumbago. Myalgia. Paralysis agitans. Plica-polonica. Psoriasis. Rheumatism. Ringworm. Screaming. Stiff neck. Sycosis. Synovitis. Taste, altered. Thirst. Tongue, coated. Tremors. Varioloid. Vomiting. Whooping-cough.
Thuja Occidentalis
Boenninghausen employed this remedy with success and believed it to be the best curative and preventive agent in smallpox, Monkeypox and Chickenpox. It suits especially the eruptive stage, with milky, flat, painful and offensive pustules upon a dark inflamed area. Variola.
Variolinum
Asthma. Backache. Chill. Fever. Headache; occipital. Herpes zoster. Neuralgia. Smallpox, Monkeypox. Testicle, swelling, backache of smallpox. Neuralgia left by herpes. Side effects of vaccination, Severe cold; chill, violent fever with extremely hot skin, Pain in epigastrium. Pain in limbs as if in bones. Severe backache, pustules. Terrible ulcers on the skin.
Exanthema of sharp, pointed pimples, usually small, seldom large and suppurating, dry, resting on small red areolae, frequently interspersed with spots of red color, sometimes severe itching. Petechial eruptions. Shingles.
Vaccinum 
Vaccine poison is capable of setting up a morbid state of extreme chronicity, named by Burnett Vaccinosis, symptoms like those of Hahnemann’s Sycosis. Neuralgias, inveterate skin eruptions, chilliness, indigestion with great flatulent distension. Irritable, impatient ill-humored, nervous.
Inflamed and red lids. Skin hot and dry. Pimples and blotches. Eruption like variola.
Prophylactic variolinum-6x is proven by Dr. Burnett.
For treatment 1M or higher Dr. Qaisar Ahmed MD, DHMS.
Note: Never advise Variolinum to the patients with weak immune system especially in lower potencies. Dr. Qaisar Ahmed MD, DHMS, Is. Jurisprudence.
Arsenicum Album
Desquamation of the skin of the body. Skin dry as parchment, cold and bluish. Yellowish/pale skin. Shootings, hot itching, and violent burning in the skin. Reddish or bluish spots in the skin. Petechiae. Inflamed spots, as from morbilli, chiefly in the head, face, and neck.
Miliary eruptions, red and white. Conical pimples, whitish or reddish, with burning itching. Nettle Rash. Eruption of painful black pustules, sometimes itchy pimples, small and tickling. Eruption of small red pimples, which increase and change into gnawing ulcers, covered with a scurf. Vesicular eruptions.
Herpes, with vesicles, and violently burning, especially at night, or with coverings, like fish-scales. Skin jaundiced; general anasarca; black blisters. Pustules filled with blood and pus. Tetters spots, covered with phlyctenules and furfur, with burning nocturnal pains.
Ulcers with raised and hard edges, surrounded by a red and shining crown; with the bottoms like lard, or of a blackish blue color, with burning pains or shooting, principally when the parts affected become cold. Ulcers, hard on the edges, stinging, burning spongy; with proud flesh; turning black; flat; pus thin, ichorous (cancers), Fetid smell, ichorous suppuration, ready bleeding, putridity, and bluish or greenish color of the ulcers.
Thin crusts or proud flesh on the ulcers. Want of secretion in the ulcers. Carbuncles (burning). Inflammatory tumors with burning pains. Warts. Ulcers inform of a wart. Chilblains. Varices. Discolored nails.
Lachesis
Ecchymosis: wounds and ulcers bleed readily and copiously (small wounds bleed a good deal; ulcers bleed readily; cicatrices bleed readily; pain in old cicatrices), wounds bleeding a great while; skin very hard to heal, masses of blood pass through the pores. 
Varicose swellings. Dropsical swelling over whole body. Hard and pale tumefaction. Skin yellow, green, lead-colored, or bluish-red or blackish, chiefly round the wounds and ulcers. Yellow, red, copper-colored spots. Pale, livid spots, with fainting fits. Dry, miliary itch, with eruption of large vesicles of a yellow or of a bluish black color, with swelling of parts affected, and pains which drive to despair.
Miliary eruption, which subsequently resembles nettle-rash, scarlatina, or morbilli. Erysipelas and vesicular eruptions with a red crown. Excoriated places, on touching which a burning pain is felt. Rupia and other skin affections, with angioleucitis (Cooper).
Ulcers, surrounded by pimples, vesicles, and other small ulcers (on a purple skin). Ulcers with great sensitiveness to touch, uneven bottom, ichorous, offensive discharge when touched, especially around the lower extremities.
Gangrenous ulcers. Gangrenous blisters. Superficial ulcers, foul at bottom, with a red crown. Cancerous ulceration (of wounds), or putrefaction of the flesh, which becomes detached from the bones, and falls off piecemeal. Gangrenous wounds, with inflammatory fever, weak, quick, and intermittent pulse, fainting nausea, spasmodic and bilious vomiting, convulsions, and cold sweats. Papule, warts, hard swellings.
Panaris. Red and itching lumps and tuberosities. Carbuncles, with copper-colored surroundings and many smaller boils around them. Flat exanthemata which do not fill up; pustulous exanthemata; spongy excrescences.
Crotalus Horridus
Swelling and discoloration, skin tense and shows every tint of color, with excruciating pain. Vesication. Sallow. Yellow color of the whole body. Great sensitiveness of skin of right half of body. Purpura hemorrhagic. Hemorrhage from every part of body. Bloody sweat. Chilblains, felons. Dissecting wounds. Pustular eruptions. Insect stings. Post-vaccination eruptions. Bad effects of vaccination. Lymphangitis and septicemia. Boils, carbuncles, and eruptions are surrounded by purplish, mottled skin and oedema. Anthrax. Sore sensation relieved by pressure.
Baptisia
Great burning and heat in skin; Livid spots over body and limbs. Eruption like measles or urticaria. Confluent smallpox, Monkeypox, tardy eruption. Foul, gangrenous, eating syphilitic sores.
Anacardium Orientale
Intense itching, eczema, with mental irritability; vesicular eruption; swelling, urticaria; eruption like that of Poison-Oak (Xerophily; Grindel; Croton). Lichen planus; neurotic eczema. Warts on hands. Ulcer formation on forearm.
Sarracenia
Polyctenid herpes. Psoriasis. Scrofulous eruptions. Variola; (the decoction taken when eruption is out and beginning to pustulate aborts secondary fever and prevents pitting). Monkeypox.
Eruption out, pustules dissipate, first on face, fever lessens, urine though scanty and dark becomes abundant and pale, strength returns. Eruptions similar to crusta lactea; on forehead and hands papular eruptions, changing to vesicular, with the depression as in smallpox lasting from seven to eight days.
PS: This article is only for doctors having good knowledge about Homeopathy and allopathy, for learning purpose(s).
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Dr. Sayyad Qaisar Ahmed (MD {Ukraine}, DHMS) ; senior research officer Dnepropetrovsk state medical academy Ukraine; is a leading Homeopathic physician practicing in Al-Haytham clinic, Umer Farooq Chowk Risalpur Sadder (0923631023, 03119884588), K.P.K, Pakistan.
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